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Edito
(Tim Lobstein)

Extract:
[...] In the present issue of GFVN, Jean-Michel Lecerf, based on the publication of Jaacks LM., presents the four stages of the obesity transition since 1975. [...] To meet their commitments, governments are encouraged to consider a range of population-wide policies to influence health behaviour and reduce the obesogenicity of the environment. Prominent among these policies, school-based interventions to change children’s behaviour are explored in this issue of GFVN by Naser Alsharairi. [...] Finally, Thierry Gibault presents the review of Santa D’Innocenzo S. et al. which aims to reiterate the importance of the Mediterranean Diet as a dietary model to promote health for everyone, and especially as a model for overweight and obesity prevention...

Article 1:Transition and obesity
(Jean-Michel Lecerf)
The obesity epidemic across the globe can be analysed through the lens of transition. Among the 84 risk factors evaluated in the global “burden” of disease, injuries and risk factors, obesity has seen the largest rise in prevalence since 1990, ranking highest among the 5 factors responsible for deaths and reduced life expectancy. [...] This study entailed the analysis of the 30 most populated countries around the world, representing 7.5 billion people, or 77.5% of the global population.The authors describe an evolution in 4 stages. [...] Multiple factors underlie these evolutions: sociocultural (body image, cuisine, etc.), economic, regulatory, environmental (urban planning, etc.) and lifestyle-related (work, transport, etc)...

Article 2: Potential school-based policies to reduce obesity in Queensland
(Naser Alsharairi)
​[...] This paper aims to discuss potential policy options that could reduce obesity in Qld schools. [...] . In the context of Western countries like the US, UK, Canada and Australia, school-based interventions have shown that improvements can be made in children’s dietary and physical activity behaviours. Intervention studies included lessons on the topic of nutrition and gardening activities, and these programs have resulted in not only increased fruit and vegetable (FV) intake, but also improved nutrition knowledge, preference, attitudes and outcome expectations for eating FV, and improved self-efficacy to increase intake of FV and dairy foods, and reduce consumption of snack foods. Evidence has demonstrated that teachers’ involvement in physical education and activity was a key element of the program. [...] Programs where parents participated in multi-component activities such as the classroom curriculum were successful in significantly improving children's healthy eating and physical activity...

Article 3: Obesity and Mediterranean Diet
(Thierry Gibault)
[...]This review identifies the publications on existing strategies to increase adherence to the Mediterranean diet and combat the propagation of obesity. [...] Diet, physical activity and behavioural changes remain the core aspects of managing obesity, together with a set of public policies structured in such a way as to increase their dissemination as part of a system incorporating different levels of intervention. The MD prevents numerous diseases. Not only would encouraging people to adopt this diet be beneficial to public health, above all, it would represent a concrete measure to intervene in terms of economic sustainability.

Edito
(Patrick Assyag)

Extract: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Cancer is continuing to develop, but better preventive measures could slow it down and save hundreds of thousands of lives each year, especially in developing and emerging countries […]This issue of The Global Fruit & Veg Newsletter is dedicated to the recent publications on the role that fruit and vegetables (F&V) can play in preventing cardiovascular diseases. Toni Meier et al. studied the relationship between cardiovascular disease risk factors in 51 countries in the WHO European region from 1990 to 2016 […] Xiuting Mo et al.’s study aimed to estimate the reduction in the burden of cardiovascular diseases in various scenarios of increased F&V consumption in Japan by 2060 […] Finally, a meta-analysis by Dagfinn Aune et al. provides a summary of the data available on the intake of plant-based foods and antioxidants and the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, type-2 diabetes and all-cause mortality…

Article 1: Healthy diet: a lever to overcom the burden of cardiovascular diseases
(Toni Meier)
Extract: According to Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) study 2016, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers a suboptimal diet a major risk factor for developing CVDs, in addition to lifestyle factors such as physical inactivity, smoking and alcohol. Dietary risks were responsible of more than 9.1 million premature deaths from CVDs worldwide in 2016, which equals to 52 % of all CVD related deaths. Thus, healthy dietary patterns might be an effective lever to overcome the burden of CVDs. This study aims to highlight the relation between dietary risk factors and CVDs in 51 countries in the WHO European Region between 1990 and 2016. Data from the comparative risk assessment (CRA) framework of the GBD was used to quantify CVD deaths attributable to 12 dietary risk factors, grouped by age and sex […]Compared to other behavioral modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, drug and alcohol abuse, tobacco smoking, etc., improving diet is the most effective means to prevent premature deaths from CVDs in the WHO European Region...

Article 2: Coronary heart disease and stroke burden attributable to fruit and vegetables intake in Japan
(Xiunting Mo)
Extract: Numerous studies have confirmed the association between fruit and vegetables (F&V) consumption and the risk of chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs). In Japan, CVDs are one of the most contributors to the disease burden. Also, CVD burden is expected to increase rapidly among the rapidly ageing population of Japan. In parallel, Japanese adults have a lower F&V intake than in other countries despite the national recommendation to consume daily at least 350 g of vegetables (i.e. 5 servings at 70 g per serving, potatoes and legumes excluded) and 200 g of fruit (i.e. 2 servings at 100 g per serving). According to the Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey 2016, the daily consumption of F&V significantly decreased among adults over 20 years old, compared to 2006 (269.4 g of vegetables and 98.9 g of fruits in 2016 vs 300.5 g of vegetables and 107.5 g of fruit in 2006). The aim of this study is to estimate and project the reduction of CVD burden under different scenarios of increased intake of F&V in Japan by 2060 […]These results demonstrate a probable reduction in the CVD burden even with a moderate improvement in F&V intake by adding up to ½ additional serving of fruit or 1 serving of vegetables...

Article 3: Healthy diets rich in plant foods for prevention  of chronic diseases
(Dagfinn Aun)
Extract: For many years, epidemiological studies have demonstrated that a healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables (F&V), legumes, whole grains and nuts is recommended for preventing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), type 2 diabetes and several cancers. This article focuses on recent studies on an intake of plant foods and the risk of CVD, cancer and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. In 2013, an estimated 5.6 and 7.8 million premature deaths may have been attributable globally to a F&V intake < 500g/d and < 800g/d respectively […] Recent studies show inverse association between intake of F&V, whole grains, and nuts and the risk of coronary artery disease, stroke, CVD overall, total cancer, and all-cause mortality. The strongest reductions in risk were observed at an intake of 800 g/d for F&V and 15–20 g/d for nuts...

Edito
(Dave Van Kann)

Extract: Our obesogenic environment is tempting us to perform unhealthy behaviors, leading to overweight and obesity. This environment is a complex system of interactions between multiple environmental characteristics. As the level of urbanization is increasing, more individuals will be exposed to the same environment. […]In this current issue, the first article written by Jean-Michel Lecerf provides a comprehensive overview of several types of environments and their impact on metabolism with respect of obesity. […] Most studies are conducted in high-income countries, but Raquel de Deus Mendonça et al. did a study in a middle-to-high income country, Brazil. […] Further, Evangelia Mylona et al. emphasize the importance of accessibility to fast food restaurants and green space areas in the living environment…

Article 1: Environment and obesity
(Lecerf JM.)
Extract: In this literature review, the word ‘environment’ is meant to be understood in its broad sense, as referring to everything that comes from the exterior, i.e. the surroundings of humans. This definition takes into account the multiple determinants that act either by influencing the content of food intake or physical activity, or via other mechanisms (epigenetic, for example). This approach focuses on the reasons motivating what people eat, not just the end result. […] Of the most documented new factors, screens were found to play an extremely negative role. In subjects who watch three hours of television per day, the prevalence of overweight is practically doubled. […] The socio-family environment is a major contributor to the risk of obesity: low incomes, place of residence and family habits all play a role...

Article 2: Food and environment and fruit and vegetable consumption
(Mendonça RD. and colleagues)
Extract: The inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V) is one of the ten major factors in the determination of the global burden of diseases and is characterized by the insufficient quantity or lack of variety, with consequent reduction of the food repertoire and low intake of nutrients. It is of eminent importance the need to propose evidence-based health policies around the world aimed at expanding the access to and intake of F&V. […] In this context, this study explored the relation between the quantity and the diversity of F&V consumed and food environment. A randomized controlled community-based trial was carried out to encourage F&V consumption in a representative sample of the healthcare service named Health Academy Program (HAP) of Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. […] In the first stage, 3,414 HAP users were interviewed...

Article 3: Correlation between obesity and the built environment
(Mylonakis SC., Mylona EK., Mylonakis E.)
Extract: Both biological and social factors influence eating preferences, thus making obesity a complex issue. The built environment may drastically affect nutritional choices and facilitate a calorie neutral or deficit through green spaces, the use of stairs and effective public transportation. In this recent study, we used spatial analysis to demonstrate that there is a positive correlation between accessibility to fast food restaurants and obesity. For this study, we extracted the body mass index (BMI) of 20,927 individuals living in the state of Rhode Island, USA. Data regarding sex, age and race were collected and analyzed, and spatial data included a mapping of green space areas and fast food restaurants. […] The study found that participants who were closer to green areas had lower prevalence of obesity, while accessibility to fast food restaurants was linked to higher prevalence of obesity. […] The reason for this association could be based on the conception that healthy food is expensive and fast food is seen as an easier and less expensive option. However, cooking healthy food is actually cheaper and the feeling of satiety requires smaller portions…

Edito
(Frans Folkvord)
Extract: “Food marketing is omnipresent, affecting our dietary behavior in a signifi cant and mostly negative way. The largest share of the food marketing budget is spent on energy-dense foods, that are high in salt, sugar and fat. Many scholars agree that this has led to an obesogenic environment, which stimulates becoming overweight and obese. […] Therefore, it is needed to change our environment into a “healthygenic” environment, an environment that stimulates healthier food choices. […] The articles included in this newsletter aim to develop this idea further, by bringing together important trends from different areas of study, with state-of-the-art insights from multiple disciplines…“

Article 1: Improving advertising literacy and effectiveness
(Rozendaal E.)
Extract: “Children’s vulnerability to food advertising has been the subject of social and political debate for many years. Besides concerns over the negative side effects of food advertising on the wellbeing of children, there are also concerns about the honesty of advertising targeted at children. The biggest concern is that children are not yet capable of critically assessing food advertising. Compared to adults, children are thought to have less developed advertising literacy and, consequently, are more vulnerable to its impact. […] It is often assumed that advertising literacy, which is the knowledge people have about advertising, its persuasive intent, and the advertising techniques that are used to target them, makes children less susceptible to food advertising...“

Article 2: An experimental study to test a food promotion technique  for fruits on children’s intake
(Theben A. , Folkvord F.)
Extract: “Food marketing research has shown that advertising techniques are effectively increasing the intake of unhealthy foods, leading to the current obesity epidemic. Multiple studies have shown that exposure to cues of palatable foods can lead to their consumption by activating automatic eating responses. For example, cue reactivity theory explains these findings related to food marketing of unhealthy foods. The theoretical model states that food cues that signal food intake may begin to act as conditioned stimuli that trigger cue reactivity or conditioned responses, such as cravings and actual eating behavior. Less is known about the effects of promoting healthier foods, although the health-related benefits of eating more fruit and vegetables for children are well established...

Article 3: InFlOOD: A study about the influence of food media on food consumption patterns in Flanders
(Pabian S., Van Royen K. & De Backer C.J.S. )
Extract: “In 2012, a Belgian medical doctor published a book about dietary guidelines (De Voedselzandloper - Kris Verburgh). The book is considered controversial, and several scientists warn about its unreliable content […]. Yet, many people in Belgium and The Netherlands follow the guidelines of this book. […] In this context, it is quite a challenge for the food industry and health organizations to communicate effectively about nutrition guidelines. […] As a group of academics, health organizations, food producers and media, we want to produce positive, powerful evidence-based messages about nutrition…"

Edito
(Saverio Stranges)
Extract: “A large body of epidemiological and trial evidence supports the beneficial role of fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake in general wellbeing and prevention of major chronic diseases across several populations and age groups, including positive effects in the prevention and management of common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety. […] Recent findings from population-based studies suggest that higher intake of F&V  may be associated with increased odds of high mental wellbeing and reduced odds of low mental wellbeing. […] We are pleased to share with you in this issue of the Global Fruit & Veg Newsletter three articles that highlight the importance of F&V consumption on mental health…”

Article 1: Fruit and vegetable consumption and the overall health of the elderly in Europe
(Jean-Michel Lecerf)
Extract: “Health, as defined by the World Health Organization in 1948, is not just the absence of disease but is the state of overall physical, mental and social well-being. Nutrition plays a key role in a person’s health. And within nutrition, the regular consumption of fruit and vegetables is a major step toward a healthy diet. Fruit and vegetables provide numerous micronutrients, microconstituents, fibre, etc., which are all involved in many metabolic functions. They contribute to keeping the heart, blood vessels, lungs, bones, muscles and brain health, thereby assisting a person in their physical activities and cognitive functions. Fruit and vegetables probably have an effect not only on life expectancy and longevity but also on the quality of life and length of time a person lives healthily without suffering any impediment or disease. [...] This research used the Survey of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), a pan-European study of 22,635 individuals aged over 50 from 11 European countries...“

Article 2: Association between fruit and vegetables consumption and depression among Korean adults
(Se-young Ju et Yoo Kyoung Park)
Extract: “Depression, a mood disorder that includes feeling of worthlessness, being overwhelmed, and a lack of confidence, is a major mental disorder and one of the leading cause of disability worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates its prevalence to 4.3% worldwide. In Korea, the prevalence of depression among adults is estimated to be 6.7% in 2011 and increased to 10.3% in 2013. […] Healthy dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet (high in fruit, vegetables and olive oil) has been reported to decrease depressive symptoms. A recent study in south Asia showed that an intake less than 5 servings of fruit and vegetables (F&V) per day increases depression risk. […] The aim of this study is to investigate the association between F&V intake and the prevalence of depression among 4,349 Korean adults […] who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2014)…”

Article 3: Impact of consuming green and yellow vegetables of the depressive symptoms of junior and senior high school students in Japan
(Mami Tanaka & Kenji Hashimoto)
Extract: “Adolescents with mental health problems face major challenges; they tend to be stigmatized, isolated, and discriminated against. In particular, depression is the most common mental health disorder among young people. […] Healthy dietary patterns may reduce the risk of depression. However, there is little published information on the relationship between daily food consumption and mental health in adolescents. Therefore, we examined whether particular dietary patterns (e.g., meat, fish, green and yellow vegetables, milk and dairy products, and fruits) were associated with depressive symptoms in junior and senior high school students. A total of 858 adolescents (mean age = 15.49 years old, SD = 1.78) participated in this study…”

Edito
(Knut-Inge Klepp)
Extract: "In order to design effective interventions and policy measures to increase fruit and vegetables (F&V) consumption in different populations, it is critical to know the perceptions and views held by members of the target groups. In this issue of the Global Fruit & Veg Newsletter, Howse and colleagues present a study exploring the experiences of young urban adults. […] Gustafson presents the “Go Big and Bring it Home” project designed to encourage 15 year-olds to purchase F&V. […] A study with Australians adult applied a smartphone app “VegEze” designed to increase vegetable variety and consumption. By tracking actual intake, participants received daily feedback on consumption, content and recipe notifications several times a week..."

Article 1: Young adults’ views about food choices and influences
(Eloise Howse and collaborators)
Extract: "Improving diet is critical to prevent chronic and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The dietary recommendations of the World Health Organization1 encourage the consumption of a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes and nuts; and limiting consumption of ‘discretionary’ food and beverage items - products that are high in fats, salt and/or added sugars (including sugar-sweetened beverages). Particular population groups are at risk of poor diet, including young adults (18–30 years of age), who tend to consume high levels of discretionary food and drinks and low levels of fruit and vegetables. Young adults are making the transition to independence from different settings, such as from school to university and workplace settings, which can affect food behaviours. In addition, young adults are highly marketed by food and drink advertisers. [...] This study explored the experiences of young adults in two different settings: Sydney, Australia and Glasgow, Scotland..."

Article 2: A text messaging intervention to increase fruit and vegetables consumption and goal setting for healthier dietary consumption among rural adolescents
(Alison Gustafson)
Extract: "Text-messaging interventions have shown to be effective in weight loss among adults and in improving F&V purchases among urban adolescent. However, there are no interventions aimed at providing affective messages neither targeting F&V and healthy/low calorie beverages intake among rural adolescents nor examining whether text messaging improves self-efficacy and goal setting related to dietary intake. In this context, we developed and tested a text-messaging intervention to increase self-efficacy and goal setting for healthier food and beverages intake. The GBBH project is an eight-week mentor-led text-messaging intervention to improve F&V consumption among rural adolescents. A total of 411 participants (277 intervention and 134 control, mean age = 15 years old) were recruited from eight rural high schools. Mentors were volunteer undergraduate students in human nutrition and dietetics from the University of Kentucky..."

Article 3: A smartphone app to increase vegetable consumption in Australian adults
(Gemma Williams and collaborators)
Extract: "In Australia, 95% of adults don’t meet vegetables’ recommended intake. Even though it is clear that vegetable consumption should be increased, dietary behavior change is often difficult and affected by different factors: individual-level factors (e.g.willpower and motivation), household-level factors (e.g.availability and finances) and community-level factors (e.g.accessibility to fresh food and social norms).Smartphone-based behavior change interventions may be effective and also accepted by individuals due to smartphones’characteristics: increasingly ubiquitous, ability to reach individuals at nearly any time or place, highly interactive, deliver information in an engaging and rewarding way and provide timely feedback.This paper describes the theoretically and commercially derived development of a mobile app called VegEze aimed to increase vegetable variety and consumption..."

Edito
(The Rev. Douglas A. Greenaway)
Extract: "The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) has been providing healthy, food, breastfeeding support, referrals to health and social services, and nutrition education to income qualified families in the USA with nutritional needs for over 40 years. [...] The WIC food package includes items such as milk, cheese, yoghurt, peanut butter, legumes, canned fish and whole grains. WIC participants receive their healthy food prescription on either an electronic benefit card or paper voucher along with a cash value voucher (CVV) that can be spent exclusively on fruit and vegetables. [...] We are pleased to share with you three articles that further demonstrate the importance of research as a too to continuously reflect on how WIC participants utilize their WIC food benefits..."

Article 1: Relationships bteween stress, demographics and dietary intake behaviours among low-income pregnant women who are overweight or obese
(Mei-Wei Chang)
Extract: "In the US, nearly 45% of low-income pregnant women are overweight or obese prior to pregnancy. About 65-85% of overweight or obese women, especially those who are low-income, experience excessive gestational weight gain, which is associated with less healthy eating and adverse maternal and birth outcomes, for example, gestational diabetes, and a large baby.This study identified demographic risk factors associated with high stress and examined the relationship between levels of stress, demographics, and dietary intake of fat, fruit and vegetables in low-income overweight or obese pregnant women. Participants were recruited from WIC program..."

Article 2: Tackling sugar-sweetened beverage consumption in the first 1,000 days: interviews with WIC families and providers
(Kayla Morel, Yvonne Nonga)
Extract: "Racial and socioeconomic disparities in childhood obesity are rooted in the first 1,000 days of life, from pregnancy through to 2 years of age. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is a major risk factor for obesity throughout the life course, including during pregnancy and infancy. [...] In this qualitative research [...] we examined perceptions, barriers, and facilitators related to avoidance of SSB consumption and perceived efficacy of various interventions..."

Article 3: WIC participation and a healthier food environment are associated with objectively assessed fruit and vegetable consumption
(Jared McGuirt)
Extract: "The purpose of this study is to examine the association between accessibility to the supermarket where participants were surveyed, frequency of shopping at the supermarket, and self-reported and objectively assessed fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption. […] WIC participation and a lower ratio of unhealthy food stores to healthy food stores are associated with an objective measure of fruit and vegetable consumption (skin carotenoids assessed) among a sample of supermarket customers..."

Edito
(Jean-Pierre Dubois)
Extract: " In France, patients usually come to their general practitioner (GP) with 2 or 3 motives during a consult. The average duration of a consultation is 15 minutes, in a fee-for-service context. While GPs are patients’ obvious points of contact for providing nutritional advice, they have little time to do so. We thought it would be worthwhile to explore how they carry out this duty. The Pre-EGEA symposium, which was held in Lyon in 2018, was an opportunity to issue a call for thesis work among young doctors finishing their specialisation courses in general medicine... "

Article 1: Frequency of nutritional advice during consultations in general medicine
(Nathalie Schmitz)
Extract: " Two-thirds of the population visit their general practitioner (GP) once or several times a year, and 90% visit him/her at least every five years. Almost 3/4 of GPs think that their role, in terms of nutritional education, is to provide personalised preventive advice, even if the patient has not asked for it. What is the frequency of nutritional advice during consultations in general practice? When this advice is provided, what are its target and conditions? We undertook a descriptive epidemiological study on practices in general practice. Ten interns studying with 10 GPs practicing in the Rhône region, observed each 25 consultations, from May to October 2018... "

Article 2: Influence of general practitioners’ eating habits on the nutritional advice they provide to their patients
(Estelle Chambon)
Extract: " General practitioners (GPs) are key points of contact and leading providers when it comes to nutritional advice for patients. Since nutrition is a major factor influencing health, we wanted to explore the frequency and quality of the nutritional advice given in general practice. The main objective was to explore how the dietary histories and current eating habits of general practitioners influence the advice they give their patients... "

Article 3: Fruit and vegetable consumption of interns in general practice in Lyon
(Adeline Fabre)
Extract: " Good health relies on a balanced daily diet with a special focus on fruit and vegetables (F&V). And yet their consumption remains below the National Health and Nutrition Programme (PNNS) recommendation: “at least five servings of F&V per day”. Only 10% to 25% of young people aged 18-30 years comply with the guidelines. Interns in general practice will be required to provide nutritional advice and play a key role in the nutritional education of their patients, but what about their own nutrition?... "

Edito : The importance of fruit and vegetable intake in a new context
(W. Philip T. James)
Extract : " This month the focus is on the value of fruit and vegetable intake when combatting the remarkable increase in the global burden of obesity. This epidemic is already overwhelming lower income countries as well as the more affluent with escalating rates of diabetes and all its associated life-threatening handicaps. Obesity’s later complications of cardiovascular disease and cancers are also already evident in Europe. Indeed, diet is now the top cause of the global burden of disease. So, obesity is now a fundamental ..."

Article 1 : Policies to increase fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity in 49 low- and middle- income countries
(Sandra A. Darfour-Oduro, Juan E. Andrade, Diana S. Grigsby-Toussaint)
Extract : " According to the World Health Organization (WHO), noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have become the leading cause of death worldwide, with ~80% occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)¹. Today, there is broad consensus on the healthpromoting effects of regularly consuming fruit and vegetables (F&V), as evidenced by numerous scientific studies: eating F&V daily helps combat NCDs like heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity and many other chronic diseases...."

Article 2 : Obesity: A Chronic Relapsing Disease Process
(George A. Bray)
Extract : " The title “Obesity: A Chronic Relapsing Disease Process” comes from the position paper by the World Obesity Federation related to the ongoing discussion of whether obesity is a disease¹. It focuses on the implications for ill-health and social disability that are associated with excess body fat. That obesity is a chronic problem which frequently relapses after treatment is well known². Indeed, this concept was suggested prior to the American Revolution more than 250 years ago by Malcolm Flemyng MD, an English physician in the 18th century who said: “Corpulency, when in an extraordinary degree, may be reckoned a disease, a..."

Article 3 : Inequities in obesity and obesity-related behaviours: A priority for policy-making
(Robin Ancilotto, Dana Lee Olstad)
Extract : " Socioeconomic position (SEP) refers to individuals’ social and economic position in relation to others’ and is often measured by assessing income, education and/or occupation¹. Individuals with a lower SEP are more likely to be obese and to have poorer dietary and physical activity behaviours relative to those who are more advantaged^2,3. Given that obesity and obesity-related behaviours are associated with increased risk of chronic disease⁴, their socioeconomic patterning may partly explain why disadvantaged groups have a higher risk of chronic disease....."

Edito
(M. Caroli)
Extract : " Children’s nutritional education is, since years, one of the main tools to improving their health. However, what is and what is not nutritional education is still quite confused. Nutritional education is not teaching children the nutrient content of different foods. Children don’t have control of their behaviours to let this issue to drive their decisions, and overall in this world where the offer of junk foods is so pervasive, long-standing and so appealing. Nutritional education is not either informing them ..."


Article 1 : Involving children in the purchasing of food: a strategy aimed at reducing food neophobia
(X. Allirot)
Extract : " In the context of the high prevalence of childhood obesity, it is crucial to promote a balanced diet, rich in fruit and vegetables (F&V). One of the strategies used to stimulate the consumption of vegetables in children is to reduce their food neophobia (i.e. their reluctance to try new food), which is associated with a poorer diet and a reduced consumption of F&V..."


Article 2 : Food parenting practices and their association with child nutrition risk status: comparing mothers and fathers
(J. Watterworth & J. Haines)
Extract : " Establishing healthful dietary habits in early life is important as childhood dietary patterns have been shown to track into later life. The practices parents use when feeding their children may influence children’s dietary habits. These practices, also known as food parenting practices, refer to the behaviours or actions (intentional or unintentional) implemented by parents that influence their child’s attitudes, behaviours or beliefs about food¹. Most research examining how food parenting practices are..."


Article 3 : Visual exposure and categorization performance positively influence 3- to 6-year-old children's willingness to taste unfamiliar vegetables
(C. Rioux, J. Lafraire & D. Picard)
Extract : " Food neophobia, defined as the refusal to eat new foods¹, and food selectivity, defined as the refusal to eat certain types of food and certain textures², are largely responsible for the limited consumption of fruit and vegetables in children^3,4 and can have alarming consequences on health. It is therefore essential to carry out effective campaigns to reduce this food rejection (neophobia and selectivity) in children...."

Edito - Foods that fight inflammation
(Excerpted from the Harvard Women's Health Watch)
Extract : " Doctors are learning that one of the best ways to quell inflammation lies not in the medicine cabinet, but in the refrigerator. Your immune system becomes activated when your body recognizes anything that is foreign - such as an invading microbe, plant pollen, or chemical. This often triggers a process called inflammation. Intermittent bouts of inflammation directed at truly threatening invaders protect your health. However, ..."

Article 1 : The IDEFICS Study: prospective associations between dietary patterns and an inflammation marker in European children
(EM. González-Gil and collaborators)

Extract : " High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is the inflammatory marker most measured in epidemiological studies. It has been established that the hs-CRP is an emerging risk factor of cardiovascular diseases, even in children1,2. Numerous studies have shown that an unhealthy dietary patterns- characterized by high consumption of sugar or sugar products, processed foods, red meat and low F&V intake – is positively..."

Article 2 : Diet, BMI, inflammation and mental health in adolescents

Extract : " Mental illness is expected to become one of the world’s most serious health problems by 2020. Similarly, obesity and its complications are a worldwide scourge. The pathophysiological pathways associated with mental disorders and obesity are the same. They particularly include chronic inflammation¹. People with more mental disorders are often overweight or obese². Moreover, many data show that the inflammatory response potentially contributes to the pathophysiology of depression3. More than 50% of mental illnesses in adults..."

Article 3 : F&V intake and inflammatory marker in pre-pubertal girls
(C. Garcés and collaborators)
Extract : " High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is an inflammatory marker that has been associated with obesity and considered to activate all stages of atherosclerosis¹. There is broad consensus on the role of diet in influencing CRP levels. Particularly, the consumption of F&V- major source of antioxidant vitamins- has been related to lower CRP levels in several studies^2-4. Similarly, a high intake of vegetables is associated with a low CRP level. ..."

Edito - Fresh fruit and vegetables – underused option for prevention and “treatment” of type 2 diabetes
(M. Uusitupa)
Extract : " Three summary reports in this issue emphasize the benefit of fresh fruit and vegetables (F&V) in the prevention and “treatment” of type 2 diabetes. Franziska Jannasch and co-authors summarize the main results of their systematic review and meta-analysis on different dietary patterns in prevention of diabetes. Three different patterns had beneficial impact; Mediterranean type, DASH (Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension) and AHEI (Alternative Healthy Eating Index) diets were associated with 13 to 20 % reduction of diabetes. ..."

Article 1 : Mediterranean diet, DASH and AHEI to prevent type 2 diabetes
(F. Jannasch, J. Kröger and MB. Schulz)

Extract : " The investigation of dietary patterns has emerged as a complementary approach to single food investigations by taking into account human nutrition as a combination of food items. Dietary pattern (DP) approaches can be divided in a priori approach using hypotheses about the benefit or detriment of specific food items on a certain health outcome or a posteriori approach applying exploratory methods on data at hand without previous knowledge. Furthermore, reduced rank regression (RRR), as a mixed approach, uses hypothesis-driven biomarkers..."

Article 2 : Fresh fruit consumption is associated with lower risks of diabetes and diabetes complications
(H. Du and collaborators)
Extract : " Although the health benefits of diets rich in fresh fruit and vegetables are well-established, worldwide evidence on the potential effects of fruit consumption on the development and progression of diabetes is rather limited. Fruit is a rich source of potassium, dietary fibre, antioxidants, and various other potentially active compounds, and contains little sodium or fat and relatively few calories. But, although higher fruit consumption..."

Article 3 : Fresh prescription: prescribing F&V as medicine
(R. Bryce and collaborators)
Extract : " Eating a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (F&V) may decrease the risk of developing type II diabetes and can be beneficial in the treatment of this condition once it develops. Despite these benefits, many people do not consume the recommended servings of F&V. This is especially true in lower socioeconomic areas. Many believe that this is due to lack of access to fresh produce for those who live in so-called food deserts. Unfortunately, even with improved F&V access, this does not always translate to increased consumption. ..."

Edito - F&V to prevent allergy and asthma
(J.M. Lecerf)
Extract : " Numerous environmental factors can be instrumental in the onset of allergic conditions such as asthma or eczema. While tobacco and other pollutants are well-identified factors, the role of foodis not as well known. The first article is from a recent review conducted by an Australian team detailing literature on the consumption of fruit and vegetables and asthma. Two epidemiological studies are then described.
Research by S. Andrusaityte et al. relates to a Lithuanian case-control study ..."

Article 1 : F&V consumption on asthma, wheezing and immune responses
Extract : " Asthma is a chronic lung inflammation, combined with a respiratory tract reduction, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, dyspnoea and chest tightness. It is dependent on genetic and environmental factors. In some cases, e.g. exacerbation by viruses, treatments such as glucocorticoids can be ineffective and their..."

Article 2 : How can diet and maternal education impact allergies among preschool children?
(S. Andrusaityte and collaborators)
Extract : " The prevalence of asthma and allergy has increased among children. Environmental factors, particularly unhealthy nutritional family habits during the prenatal and early life, changes of lifestyle behaviors and dietary patterns might be the cause of this increase. Although evidences are unclear until now, nutrition could be responsible of the development of asthma and allergic disease. Several studies have shown that an increased fruit and vegetable consumption has a beneficial effect on asthma and ..."

Article 3 : Fruit and vegetable intake and asthma - evidence from Europe and Latin America
(V. Garcia-Larsen)
Extract : " Asthma is a chronic disease of the airways, characterised by recurrent attacks of breathlessness and wheezing. The disease affects a growing number of children and adults from affluent nations and from low- and middle- income countries, causing a burden on quality of life and a health cost. Fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake is widely recommended to preserve health and reduce the risk of diseases. There is increasing evidence suggesting that specific components found in F&V preserve lung function, thus reducing the risk of chronic respiratory diseases ..."

Edito - F&V availability at home
(Marie-Laure Frelut)
Extract : " Whether the quality and amount of food intake are a private matter or a Public health issue may be debated. It is part of anyone’s freedom to eat what and when he wishes to do so... in theory. There are several reasons why this issue has limits: ..."

Article 1 : Home environment and F&V consumption in children aged 6–12 years
(Jia Xin Ong and collaborators)
Extract : " It is known that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (F&V) is essential for good health and preventing chronic disease. Still, a high proportion of Western countries’ children are still not meeting recommendations for F&V intake. Children’s homes are the immediate environment in which the child lives, grows and plays. Moreover, at this age, children enter primary school, become more independent, and are increasingly influenced by media and the school environment..."

Article 2 : F&V intake is linked to food security status and home environment among pregnant women
(DL Nunnery, JD Labban & JM Dharod)
Extract : " Food insecurity is the condition of inconsistent or uncertain availability of safe and nutritionally adequate food^{1, 2}. Food insecurity is associated with poor diet quality, weight gain, diabetes and hypertension among adults. Current research suggests that the availability of fruit and vegetables (F&V) in the home is positively associated with daily intake of F&V; this environment where a variety of F&V are available would be considered a positive home food environment^3,4. Studies ..."

Article 3 : Children’s fruit and vegetable practices and preferences related to parent/child relationships
(Martine Padilla)
Extract : " The family environment has a strong influence on children’s fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption, but children can also influence the family. Marketing specialists consider children to be influencers; their requests impact parents’ purchases, thus contributing to increasing F&V availability in the home. This increases children’s exposure level, which changes their preferences. However, purchasing and storing F&V does not ..."

Edito - Schools should be in the front line in health promotion
(Viktória Anna Kovács)
Extract : " Schools seem to be ideal settings to form children’s behaviour. They reach most children for a number of years at a critical age when habits are still being evolved. They are the places where children spend most of their time in contact with qualified personnel to teach and guide. Besides, teachers and other school...."

Article 1 : Gardening Experience and Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among First-year College Students
(Anne E. Mathews and collaborators)
Extract : " During their first year, college students usually gain unwanted weight. This is related in part to the transition of leaving home and now caring for themselves. During this period, students often consume more convenience and readily available foods that are typically dense in energy and poor in nutrients. Gardening initiatives among children..."

Article 2 : Project CHEF Cooking and Tasting Program Influences Students’ Food Preferences
(Rola Zahr)
Extract : " Childhood obesity continues to be a public health concern, with over 340 million children and youth ages 5 to 19 classified as overweight or obese in 20161. Taste and unfamiliarity with foods2 have been identified as barriers to children consuming a ..."

Article 3 : Salad Bars in New Orleans Schools: Studies to explore student intake of F&V and the individual and school level factors that influence use of salad bars
(Naomi King Englar and Carolyn Johnson)
Extract : " Childhood obesity continues to be a public health problem in the United States. Increasing consumption of fruit and vegetables (F&V) is one strategy for offsetting the consumption of energy-dense, sugary and high-fat foods, thereby improving weight status. Many public schools in New Orleans, Louisiana, were provided with salad bar equipment to augment their school  ..."

Edito - Staying happy, whatever the season
(M.Lejoyeux)
Extract : " Depending on the season, our experience of a good mood changes. In summer and winter, it’s not just our clothes that change – the way we take care of our health differs too. Your mind and your brain are like a garden; to produce fruits, vegetables, or a healthy state of mind, you have to follow certain commonsense rules, respect seasonal changes, alternate between reflection, projects, hard work and rest. Some seasons are for anticipating what we plan to do, others are used to sow the seeds, and others enable us to reap the fruits of our labour. Just like a well-kept garden, your mind doesn’t need artificial fertilisers. It is overflowing with natural resources that are full of surprises. There are health techniques adapted to each season. Why not give them a go?...."
Book's extract "The 4 seasons of GOOD HUMOR", Pr Michel Lejoyeux © Edition Jean-Claude Lattès, 2016

Article 1 : Fruit and vegetable consumption and psychological distress: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses based on a large Australian sample
(B. Nguyen and collaborators)
Extract : " Mental health disorders currently account for the greatest burden of disability worldwide and a third of the global burden of non-fatal diseases. Public health prevention strategies are urgently needed. There has been growing interest in examining the role of diet in mental health. Observational studies have generally shown a positive association between an overall healthy eating pattern [...] and mental wellbeing. The role of F&V consumption in mental health has received increasing attention. Fruits and vegetables are rich in nutrients, and their protective effects in relation to several chronic diseases are well known. In addition, diets low in fruit have been reported to be the leading dietary risk factor for the global burden of disease. There is also growing evidence, particularly from cross-sectional studies, which suggests a potential link between fruit and vegetable consumption and psychological distress.  ....."

Article 2 : Understanding fruit and vegetable consumption from the psychology of personality
(TS. Conner)
Extract : " Fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is an essential component of a healthy diet that is linked to better physical and mental health. Given the importance of this healthy habit, it is crucial to understand what factors predict higher F&V consumption. The majority of research has focused on how demographic factors [...] predict greater F&V consumption. Less is known about how psychological factors [...] influence F&V consumption. There are five main personality traits recognised in psychology— neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. [...] Given that personality shapes the perception, interpretation, and behaviour of people in their environments, and food is a major part of our everyday environments, it seems likely that personality may shape food preferences, including the likelihood of consuming fruits and vegetables......."

Article 3 : The Effects of Blueberry Flavonoids on Mood in Young People
(S. Khalid)
Extract : " According to the WHO, depressive disorders are the second most common cause of death in young people because of the link between suicide and depression. Psychological therapies and a single licenced pharmacological treatment, Fluoxetine, are recommended as treatment for adolescent depression. However, they are only moderately effective, with up to 50% of young people not responding to treatment or experiencing relapse and further episodes of depression. An important area for development therefore is to prevent depression via public health interventions that can be delivered to a whole population of children and adolescents. There is emerging evidence linking diet and the onset of depression. Epidemiological data shows that lifetime consumption of fruit and vegetables predicts a lower incidence of depression in later life. In our recent review of the literature on diet and depression in young people, we found that although the quality of evidence was weak, there were consistent links between nutrition and depression in both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.  ..."

Edito
(Jean-Michel Lecerf, Claire Mounier-Vehier)
Extract : " In most cases, cardiovascular diseases don’t occur by accident. Lifestyle has an important part to play, not only in its occurrence but also in prevention. We all know the risk factors that we have to avoid – smoking, having a sedentary lifestyle, being overweight, stress, and so on…But we should also list all the things we can do to stack the odds in our favour, particularly in terms of healthy eating."

Article 1 : Key position of plants and fruit and vegetables in prevention and treatment of chronic and cardiovascular diseases
(Thierry Gibault)
Extract : " A recent U.S. study¹ published in the Journal of Geriatric Cardiology describes the diet to adopt for better health and offers physicians and healthcare professionals nutritional advice to help patients follow a healthy diet."

Article 2 : Healthy-eating attitudes and incidence of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults
(Susana Santiago, Itziar Zazpe, Miguel A. Martinez-Gonzalez)
Extract : " Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible of the largest proportion of worldwide deaths from non-communicable diseases under the age of 70 years. The American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology have emphasized the importance of dietary patterns rather than individual dietary components, and encourage heart-healthy lifestyle behaviours."

Article 3 : Fruit & vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality
(Dagfinn Aune)
Extract : " Although a high intake of fruit and vegetables has been recommended for the prevention of cardiovascular disease and some cancers, questions remain about the optimal intake of fruit and vegetables and whether specific types of fruit and vegetables are particularly beneficial. This is also reflected in differences in the level of fruit and vegetables that is recommended between different countries and organizations."

Edito
(Jean-Michel Lecerf)
Extract : " Despite being an extremely active field of research, ocular nutrition remains relatively unknown to both health professionals and patients. Downie et al. have shown that patients have high expectations when it comes to getting advice on their diet. Opticians appear to be good people to talk to on the topic. Physiopathological and epidemiological data has been accumulating for some twenty years or so. Lens opacification can lead to the development of cataracts. Incidentally, this organ contains 50 times more vitamin C than plasma."

Article 1 : What the Nurses’ Health Study has to tell us about maintaining eye health
(Jae H. Kang)
Extract : " Loss of sight is a major cause of disability in the USA and greatly affects quality of life. By 2050, the number of Americans aged over 65 will have doubled, and the prevalence of the main causes of age-related vision changes (cataracts, AMD – age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma) will increase significantly. Not only has considerable progress been made in treating such diseases, but we have also significantly increased our understanding of what mechanisms are involved, what the important risk factors are and what may help for prevention. "

Article 2 : Lifestyle factors and the role of optometrists: patients’ perceptions and experiences
(Laura Downie)
Extract : "Tobacco smoking and nutrition are key lifestyle factors that are established to have long-term effects on ocular health. Tobacco smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), with current smokers having an at least twofold increased risk of developing AMD compared with individuals who have never smoked. In addition, there is epidemiological evidence that diets rich in certain nutrients, in particular the macular carotenoids (lutein and zeaxanthin) and omega-3 fatty acids, are associated with a decreased risk of late-stage AMD."

Article 3 : Lutein and Zeaxanthin intake & Age-Related Macular Degeneration Protection
(Bronwyn Eisenhauer, et al)
Extract : " The objectives of our recent work were to examine the literature and evaluate the link between L/Z intake and AMD risk and describe food sources and factors that increase the bioavailability of L/Z, to inform dietary models."

Edito
(T. Harvey)
Extract : " Is the focus on proper nutrition during pregnancy a recent concept? Actually, not at all. Even in the Old Testament in the book of Judges, chapter 13, we find a description of the first prenatal visit. Manoach’s wife was sterile and did not have any children. The angel of the Lord appeared to her and said: “You are barren and childless, but you are going to become pregnant and give birth to a son. Now see to it that you drink no wine or other fermented drink and that you do not eat anything unclean. You will become pregnant and have a son…” Since then, some people eat to live or survive; others live to eat — eating too much or too poorly. Food education begins at birth and never stops...."

Article 1 : Association between nutritional status with spontaneous abortion
(S. Ziaei)
Extract : " Spontaneous abortion is the most common adverse pregnancy outcome occuring in approximately 15% of clinically recognized pregnancies. Although a number of spontaneous abortions are caused by chromosomal abnormalities, maternal factors including nutritional status, also may contribute to this occurrence.Our aim: study to explore the association between nutrient
deficiencies and the risk of spontaneous abortion in humans..."

Article 2 : Falling short of dietary guidelines What do Australian pregnant women really know? A cross sectional study
(K. Bookari, H. Yeatman, M. Williamson)
Extract : " We surveyed 388 pregnant women across Australia about what they ate, their food knowledge, and their confidence in their food knowledge. Their motivation, attitudes towards healthy eating, and attempts to adopt and maintain a healthy diet were measured. We looked at how their beliefs and practices matched Australia’s healthy eating guidelines for major food groups, including fruit and vegetables...."

Article 3 : Effect of a low-intensity diet intervention during pregnancy on dietary behavior in the randomized controlled Norwegian Fit for Delivery study
(E. Hillesund)
Extract : " A mother’s diet during pregnancy has the potential to influence both her own and her child’s short- and long-term health. Because expectant mothers may be especially motivated for behavior change, pregnancy is considered a window of opportunity for public health initiatives1. In the Norwegian Fit for Delivery (NFFD) study, we developed a lifestyle intervention combining dietary advice and twice-weekly structured physical activity lessons during pregnancy, with the aim of avoiding excessive weight gain, lowering the proportion of large newborns, and improving pregnancy health in general. We evaluated the effect of the overall intervention on gestational weight gain, pregnancy complications and child neonatal health in a randomized
controlled trial..."

Edito
(A. Martin)
Extract : " Though there is a general consensus that the success of a nutrition policy strongly relies on the improvement in the food environment, this should not lead to abandon any effort to improve consumer awareness, knowledge and understanding of nutrition. The papers in this issue clearly show that this is still a challenge for physicians and especially for General Practioners.
The first two papers present some elements of the diagnosis in two different cultural contexts, USA and France. There are clearly big gaps or mismatches between what should be done and what is done, between what the patients are expecting from their GP and what GP refrain to do! The third paper by Kristen Hicks proposes longterm multilevel solutions for increasing awareness of GPS from their undergraduate studies to the continuing medical education..."

Article 1 : Physicians’ counseling on diet and nutrition: Recent trends and inequalities among the US adult population
(NU. Ahmed)
Extract : " Patients are particularly receptive to counsel on healthy living which is provided during consultations with their doctor since they consider their doctor to be the best source of this type of information. As for the physicians, they are in a good position to help their patients adopt healthier habits in the long term. Short dietary-advice sessions are effective in changing the eating habits of patients and improving their health, especially among those who suffer or are at risk from diseases connected to poor diets..."

Article 2 : Dietary advice provided by general practitioners: what do patients expect?
(L. Labbé)
Extract : " Most general practitioners consider that dietary education is one of their roles. However, if it is not requested by patients, the fear of appearing moralising or overly intrusive is a common barrier to discussing diet during consultations. Are these concerns valid? What do patients expect in terms of dietary advice?..."

Article 3 : Training physicians to educate patients about fruit and vegetables as an element of a healthful dietary pattern
(KK. Hicks)
Extract : " Although the message has been clear that high intake of fruit and vegetables can promote optimal health, this message is getting lost in translation amid researchers to healthcare practitioners. Researchers have continued to document the lack of nutrition training in medical school and beyond for physicians on nutrition in healthcare. Therefore, patients are not receiving quality nutrition assessments and counseling by physicians, ultimately a failure in medicine..."

Edito
(F. Vio del Rio)
Extract : " There is a current consensus in the world today on the protective effect of fruit and vegetables consumption on most of the diseases that affect us, especially cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity and diabetes. In spite of this knowledge, consumption remains low.
To address this situation, new strategies are required to encourage fruit and vegetables consumption since ¨knowledge¨ itself is not enough for a change in habit.
It has been proven that the best way to change habits is through activities and participatory approaches..."

Article 1 : Fruit and Vegetable Prescription Program in Central Wisconsin
(A. Chrisinger & A. Wetter)
Extract : " Inadequate consumption of fruit and vegetables is particularly concerning in children because significant growth and bone development occur during this time. Moreover, for many Americans, the dietary habits they develop as children continue throughout adulthood. Interventions during childhood, therefore, especially those related to parenting practices, which are related to children’s dietary behaviors, can be particularly effective at improving health over the course of the child’s lifetime. Fruit and Vegetable Prescription (FVRx) programs are a relatively new intervention designed to increase children’s consumption of fruit and vegetables by changing the home food environment; that is, by reducing barriers to parents buying and consuming more fruit and vegetables..."

Article 2 : Activities promoting fruit and vegetables consumption in eight AIAM5's country members
(M. Moñino & AIAM5 members)
Extract : " AIAM5 - Global Alliance for the Promotion of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption "5 a day" - brings together 28 national organizations from 27 countries that, under the motto "more fruits and vegetables, the best option for your health", collaborate so global and national health promotion policies, include the daily fruit and vegetables consumption as a priority for the prevention and control of nutrition related diseases. Given that promotion of fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is the main goal of AIAM5 partners, it was proposed to collect their promotional activities to identify good practices in strategies, programs and activities to promote F&V consumption..."

Article 3 : Community based cooking courses have positive effects on fruit and vegetable intake and cooking confidence - Lessons from Jamie Oliver’s Ministry of Food
(J. Hutchinson & E.K. Strachan)
Extract : " Although government policies often focus primarily on increasing consumer knowledge about healthy eating to improve national diets, individuals are likely to require practical skills to utilise this knowledge. Culinary nutrition is a new approach which combines aspects of nutritional principles with cooking and culinary knowledge in the form of ‘hands on’ cooking interventions often based in the community. Lack of cooking skills have been associated with poor diet, and increased consumption of highly processed and energy dense convenience food of reduced nutritional quality. Furthermore, households of lower-income often have poor diets and are at greater risks of diet-related diseases, and are least likely to be confident at cooking..."

Edito
(J. Halford & C. Reynolds)
Extract : " The evidence suggests that when it comes to obesity and food preferences in children and adolescents, genetics does play a role. However environmental factors are also vital, and - to a larger extent - within our control. We can alter many environmental factors to create healthier consumption preferences, such as changes in food advertising, food consumption opportunities and norms. Altering the food environment is a positive not just for children and adolescents, but for the wider population..."

Article 1 : A genetic approach to understanding obesity: genotype and behavioural phenotype in the maintenance of child obesity
(JE. Cecil)
Extract : " The evidence supporting a genetic contribution to obesity is considerable. Twin, familial aggregation and family studies have been consistent in characterising a heritable association between the influence of genes and obesity. Notably, twin studies have shown heritability estimates as high as 80% for child BMI and similarly high estimates for body fat. Heritability estimates for appetite and eating behavioural traits associated with susceptibility towards obesity have also been documented in children. For example, the genetic influence towards macronutrient preference, food preference, satiety and food enjoyment, eating in the absence of hunger, food fussiness and preference for fruit and veg have been shown to be highly heritable..."

Article 2 : Genetic and environmental influences on fruit and vegetable liking in adolescence
(A. Smith & C. Llewellyn)
Extract : " Previous studies have shown that aspects of the environment shared entirely by twin pairs play an important role in shaping liking for fruit (51% to 53%) and vegetables (35% to 51%) among young children, alongside modest genetic influence (fruit: 53% to 54%; vegetables: 37% to 54%). This is not unexpected given the importance of the family environment for the eating behaviour of young children..."

Article 3 : Adopting a vegetables first approach to complementary feeding
(MM. Hetherington)
Extract : " Parents want to do the best for their children and guidance suggests introducing solids at six months after exclusive breastfeeding. In the early stages of complementary feeding, parents vary in the approaches they use to encourage acceptance of solid foods. For example, in some cultures it is customary to pre-chew foods before offering to infants and in other cultures, foods such as vegetables are pureed then offered by spoon at the time of weaning. Recently baby-led weaning has become a popular strategy where parents provide finger foods so that autonomy in eating is encouraged from the beginning..."

Edito
(D. Greenaway)
Extract : " WIC – the USA’s Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children has been providing healthy food, breastfeeding support, referrals to health and social services, and nutrition education to vulnerable income qualified American families with nutritional needs for over 40 years. The program, administered by the United States Department of Agriculture, serves around 7.5 million low-income women and infants, and children between the ages of 1 and 5. WIC is America’s premier public health nutrition program...."

Article 1 :   Self-reported vegetable intake among WIC-enrolled women: Associations with social desirability trait 
(J. Di Noia)
Extract : " Previous work has shown that self-reported dietary behavior is susceptible to social desirability bias, the tendency to respond in a manner consistent with expected norms. A social desirability-related upward bias (overestimate) has been observed for self-reported intakes of foods and nutrients for which increased intake is encouraged, including fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake. The extent to which social desirability trait biases responses to particular F&V intake measures therefore requires examination..."

Article 2 : Choice architecture to increase WIC fruit and vegetable purchases: Improving visibility and quality of fresh produce in urban corner stores
(AN. Thorndike)
Extract : " In 2009, the U.S. Department of Agriculture revised the Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) food packages to provide cash-value vouchers for purchase of fruit and vegetables. In low-income, urban neighborhoods, many corner stores accept WIC vouchers and are where families shop for groceries [...]. “Choice architecture” interventions place healthy food and beverages in highly visible and convenient positions in order to increase sales and selection of these items. This study was a randomized, controlled trial of six corner stores in a low-income community to determine if a choice architecture intervention that increased the visibility and quality of fresh produce would result in increased redemption of the WIC fruit and vegetable vouchers..."

Article 3 : Barriers and facilitators to improve fruit and vegetable intake among WIC-eligible pregnant latinas
(A. Hromi-Fiedler & R. Pérez-Escamilla)
Extract : " The potential maternal and infant health benefits of increasing prenatal fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake suggest it is a key intervention point for supporting optimal pregnancy and birth outcomes. Yet, improving F&V consumption during pregnancy requires modifying prenatal dietary behavior. Pregnancy is an ideal time, a true “teachable moment”, when women may be more committed to adopting healthier behaviors to minimize the health risks to themselves and their unborn baby..."

Edito
(S. Issanchou)
Extract : " Average intake of fruit and vegetables is, in Europe and North America, still below recommended levels. In addition, averages hide the disparities within a country, particularly with regard to an intake gradient according to socio-economic level. Knowing this, it is helpful to explain why individuals do not follow recommendations.
The articles presented in this edition of GFVN contain results that reveal how difficult it is to identify the barriers that are truly associated with fruit and/or vegetable intake..."

Article 1 : Perceived barriers towards healthy eating and their association with fruit and vegetable consumption
(Mc. Morrow & colleagues)
Extract : " Improving population diet is a key public health target. Poor dietary intakes have been associated with higher risk of non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and type 2 diabetes,
which have large health and economic consequences. James et al. stated there is an enormous potential health gain through eating a healthier diet. Exploring individual’s perceived barriers towards healthy eating may increase understanding of an individual’s diet, specifically fruit and vegetable consumption. This study investigates the associations between self-reported fruit and vegetable consumption and perceived barriers towards healthy eating..."

Article 2 : The role of perceived barriers in explaining socio-economic differences in adherence to the fruit, vegetable and fish guidelines in older adults: a mediation study
(S.C. Dijkstra, J.E. Neter, I.A. Brouwer, M. Huisman, M. Visser)
Extract : " People with a lower socioeconomic position (SEP) meet the dietary guidelines less often than people with a higher SEP. These SEP differences in dietary intake are also found among older adults. To increase fruit, vegetable and fish intake in the general population barriers to healthy eating have been identified including; disliking, limited cooking skills, no time to prepare healthy food, perception of high costs, no availability, or no motivation to change eating habits..."

Article 3 : The moderating effect of food security status on the association between documented barriers and fruit and vegetable intake
(K. Mook, BA. Laraia, VM. Oddo, JC. Jones-Smith)
Extract : " Diets rich in nutrient-dense foods like fruit and vegetables can promote health, prevent obesity, and lower risk for chronic diseases, such as heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Despite these benefits, most Americans do not meet recommendations for daily fruit and vegetable intake. Studies investigating barriers to fruit and vegetable intake have identified several key factors associated with consumption, including: taste preferences, food preparation time, cost, and access. While most studies control for socio-economic variables, few consider the role of food insecurity. Food insecurity is commonly associated with poor nutrition and diet, poor health, and higher rates of female obesity, after controlling for income. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the relationship between barriers to healthy food consumption and reported intake rates differs by food security status..."

Edito
(JM. Lecerf)
Extract : " Most people are aware of the recommendations for fruit and vegetable consumption, but few apply them and even fewer know why! And yet the list of benefits is long. Their consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular accidents, hypertension, cancer, age-related cognitive decline and age-related macular degeneration.
Fruit and vegetables have plenty of surprises in store! Surprising benefits have come to light. People who consume large amounts of fruit and vegetables are less likely to smoke. If they smoke, they are less dependent on cigarettes, if they consume more fruit and vegetables, and are more inclined to quit smoking. Depression rates are lower: but more research is needed to understand the mechanisms..."

Article 1 : Implications of F&V intake on depression and cigarette smoking
(JP. Haibach & colleagues)
Extract : " Knowledge continues to expand on the benefits of fruit and vegetables (F&V intake for health. There is longstanding evidence that a diet high in F&V is protective against chronic disease, mental illness, and promotes overall physical and mental health. As we discuss in this article, several recent studies suggest that F&V might influence tobacco and drug use prevention. We further outline possible neurobiological and psychological mechanisms of explanation..."

Article 2 : Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Hip Fracture Risk: The CHANCES Project
(V. Benetou & colleagues)
Extract : " Hip fractures constitute a major and growing public health problem among older adults worldwide. Hip fractures are associated with considerable disability and reduced survival and, although they represent less than 20% of all osteoporotic fractures, they account for the majority of fracture-related health care expenditure and mortality in men and women over the age of fifty. Among environmental factors amenable to change, diet may play an important role in hip fracture prevention..."

Article 3 : Consumption of fruit and vegetables and risk of frailty: a dose-response analysis of three prospective cohorts of community-dwelling older adults
(E. García-Esquinas)
Extract : " Consumption of fruit and vegetables during adulthood has been associated with a decreased risk of several chronic diseases (i.e. heart disease, stroke or cancer) and a decreased mortality risk. However, very few studies have evaluated the potential health benefits of consuming these foods among older adults. In this context, our study aimed to evaluate the potential dose-response association between fruit and vegetables consumption and risk of frailty among community-dwelling older adults..."

Edito
(R. Lemaire)
Extract : " Although a diet rich in fresh fruit and vegetables is considered a cornerstone of good health, Canadians are still consuming less than the 7-10 servings per day recommended in Canada’s Food Guide. The studies featured this month illustrate how health behaviours in Canada are effected by various interventions and policies. In fact, shopping frequency, awareness of Canada’s Food Guide, and school based interventions are all methods we use to assess how overall consumption is impacted by external variables..."

Article 1 : Food shopping is associated with dietary outcomes in Ontario
(LM. Minaker)
Extract : " The vast majority of dietary energy consumed in Canada is purchased in food stores as opposed to restaurants. Little is known about why consumers choose to shop for food in the places they do, and how buying food at different types of food retailers is associated with dietary and weight outcomes. These gaps in knowledge are important because if we understand why people shop where they do and how food shopping is associated with dietary intake, both retailers and public health practitioners can create effective strategies to improve the diet quality of Canadians - starting in the food store..."

Article 2 : The Effectiveness of A School-Based Nutrition Intervention on Children’s Fruit, Vegetable and Dairy Product Intake
(V. Drapeau)
Extract : " Even though obesity is recognized as a complex and multifactorial problem, unhealthy eating habits are one important factor contributing to the emergence of childhood obesity and its healthrelated consequences. The last Canadian Health Survey revealed that children’s eating habits are not optimal and that fruit and vegetables (F&V) and dairy products (DP) represent the two food groups where the largest proportion of children and adolescents do not meet recommendations..."

Article 3 : Selecting cross-sector partners to work with the federal government on promoting healthy eating
(MA. Fernandez & V. Provencher)
Extract : " In response to child overweight and obesity being made a public health priority, Health Canada developed a series of healthy eating and education awareness initiatives. The final and third initiative was a social marketing campaign, the Eat Well Campaign: Food Skills (EWC), that promoted family meal planning and preparation to Canadian parents. Health Canada collaborated with cross-sector partners from the food retail industry, the media and the health sector to extend the reach and effectiveness of the EWC. Leveraging resources and expertise are important incentives for governments to work with partners. Developing solutions to address complex health problems, such as improving dietary behaviors, is complicated and requires the joint action of multiple sectors from the government, private industry and civil society..."

Edito
(M. Caroli)
Extract : " A good way to represent ‘health’ in a picture is to use a mosaic. From far away you can see the whole image, but up close you see that the image is made up of many tiles. This example shows the complex nature of health; it is the result of many ‘tiles’ including good nutrition, physical activity and environment. For children, putting together the tiles is even more complex, as many decisions are made by parents and health status has to be developed and maintained. This GFVN issue shows the complexity of building positive and healthy eating habits, balancing genetic background (the tiles) and the environment (the glue)..."


Article 1 : Better diet quality may benefit children’s cognitive and academic performance
(A. Nyaradi)
Extract : " Examining the components of the diet score, it was found that increased fruit consumption at age one was positively associated with cognitive performance at age ten, while increased soft drink consumption at age one was negatively associated with cognitive performance at age ten years. At two and three years of age, increased dairy consumption showed positive associations with later cognitive outcomes. These findings suggest that the promotion of a nutrient-dense diet for children during the early years is beneficial for cognitive development..."


Article 2 : Acceptance of fruit and vegetables during childhood: the impact of genetics, early experiences and the environment
(M. Padilla)
Extract : " FVs are among the foods most commonly rejected by so-called fussy children. Fussy behaviour reaches its peak at around 20 months of age, and disappears between 5 and 8 years of age. Food neophobia, which is characterised by the refusal of unknown foods, is also linked to low acceptance of FVs. It has a strong genetic base (72-78%) in early childhood. The hypothesis that neophobia and fussy behaviour have the same genetic origin, and that this interacts with children’s taste for FVs, has been made..."


Article 3 : Are mealtime best practice guidelines for child-care centers associated with energy, vegetable, and fruit intake?
(RY. Kharofa)
Extract : " The preschool years are a critical period for obesity prevention, as both eating habits and growth trajectories are established during this time. Data supports that children who become overweight/obese in early childhood have a five-fold increase of being overweight/obese adults. A key environment for obesity prevention efforts is the child-care center. 61% of preschool age children (3 to 6 years) are in child-care, where they spend an average of 33 hours per week and consume up to two-thirds of their daily caloric intake..."

Edito
(A. Martin)
Extract : " The increased burden of obesity and other diet-related diseases all around the world, concomitant with the industrialization and globalization of the food chain, pushed many public health authorities to regulating the information delivered to the final consumer through food labelling, at least for pre-packed foods. The three papers in this issue of the Global F&V Newsletter illustrate different aspects of the topic ranging from factual (neutral) information, still very diverse despite the efforts of the Codex Commission towards international harmonization (Padilla), the proposal of front-ofpack synthetic notation of food nutritional quality on the basis of nutrient profiling (Julia), to the suggestion of more stringent regulation of nutritional aspects of some types of food promotions (Jahns)..."

Article 1 : An overview of legislation and trends in food labelling
(M. Padilla)
Extract : " Consumers are aware of dietary recommendations yet the number of people suffering from food related Non-Communicable Diseases is still increasing. Food labelling is supposed helping consumers to choose, but the format, number and types of nutrients that must be included on product labels vary from country to country1. While the information required in different countries about the ingredients contained in products is fairly homogeneous, concerning nutrients it is far from being the case..."

Article 2 : Discriminating nutritional quality of foods using the 5-Color Nutrition Label in the French food market
(C. Julia, S. Hercberg & E. Kesse-Guyot)
Extract : " Recent propositions in public health nutrition in France have put forward the use of a front-of-pack nutrition label on foodstuffs, as a complementary public health tool, in order to help consumers at the point of purchase. This label would summarize the nutritional quality of the food or beverage, based on the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system (FSA score). The proposed format for the label would include five color-coded categories of nutritional quality (the 5-CNL), and presented in the form of a chain of five discs of the different colors..."

Article 3 : Diet quality of items advertised in supermarket sales circulars compared to the diets of the US population, as assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2010
(L. Jahns)
Extract : " Our results indicate that sales circulars may be nudging consumers in the direction of unbalanced diets by promoting items that are low in vegetables, fruits and dairy and higher in salt and discretionary calories. Modifying sales circulars to more closely reflect dietary guidance is a potential way for public health interventions to promote a healthier dietary intake, especially for budget-conscious shoppers..."

Edito
(WPT. James)
Extract : " This month’s edition highlights the extraordinary and relatively recent changes in food habits across the Western World which inevitably increase the risk of obesity and other disabilities for the majority of our populations. Three countries are highlighted – Australia, Germany and Norway – which have very different economies, indigenous foods and political processes for dealing with food chain regulations. Yet despite the discerning analyses of expert doctors and nutritionists with advice to policy makers, dramatic and unhealthy changes in food habits have occurred starting in the early 1980s..."

Article 1 : Dietary behaviours of young adults born into an obesogenic environment
(M. Allman-Farinelli, SR. Partridge, M. Nour & R. Roy)
Extract : " When it comes to vegetables, we discover young adults are the worst consumers. Poor intake is a usual scenario across the USA, UK, Australia and many Western European countries like Germany, Italy, and France. Evidence to support the role of vegetable intake in prevention of weight gain is equivocal but ten-year follow-up of a cohort of young adults in the US, showed males eating more vegetables gained less weight. In an intervention study to prevent incident obesity in overweight young adults, we showed that increased vegetable intake accounted for 20% of weight loss in intervention participants. Whether vegetables prevent weight gain or not, they certainly have a role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, stroke and all-cause mortality..."

Article 2 : Ultraprocessed foods in Norway: an analysis of consumer purchase and expenditure
(SL. Solberg, L. Terragni, SI. Granheim)
Extract : " We found that both in 2005 and 2013 ultra-processed products dominated food purchases and expenditure in Norway: 59 % of food items purchased and 49 % of food expenditure was ultra-processed foods. All minimally processed foods combined accounted for only 17 % of purchases and 33 % of expenditure on food. Dividing food purchases into sub-groups showed that Norwegians spent less on and purchased less frequently minimally processed meat and poultry, fi sh and seafood, vegetables, potatoes, and fruit and berries compared to the respective processed and ultra-processed versions of these foods..."

Article 3 : The economic and intangible burden of obesity in Germany
(T. Effertz)
Extract : " Unhealthy eating and resulting obesity are well-known and highly discussed threats to health that have increased to problematic extents in high income countries during the last decades. For years the WHO has pointed to the dangers of chronic non-communicable diseases that are caused by obesity. To underpin the urgency for preventive action against obesity in Germany, Tobias Effertz and colleagues from the University of Hamburg and the “Techniker Krankenkasse”, Germany´s biggest health insurance company within the statutory health insurance system, calculated the costs and consequences of obesity in Germany with claims data from the German statutory health insurance in a recent new study..."

Edito
Extract : " In 2012, in presence of representatives from FAO, PAHO and Ministry of health of Colombia, AIAM5 - the Global Alliance for the Promotion of Fruit and Vegetable Consumption «5 a day»- agreed in Cali (Colombia), to celebrate every year the World Fruit and Vegetables Day.
This day is intended to commemorate the importance of eating fruit and vegetables for human development, their key role in the biodiversity and sustainability of our planet, by increasing the consumption and production of fruit and vegetables to prevent and control NCDs and also to improve the global food security..."

Article 1 : Maintaining a healthy weight with the consumption of fruits and vegetables
(ML. Bertoia)
Extract : " Promoting healthy dietary patterns fits into the 2010 Dietary Guideline for Americans. In particular, it includes a variety of fruits and vegetables (F&V) to prevent chronic diseases, like cardiovascular disease, and to help individuals maintain a healthy weight. However, unlike cardiovascular diseases, there is a lack of evidence on specific types of fruits and vegetables that may help individuals maintain “a healthy weight”. This study examined the relationship between increased F&V consumption and weight change over 24 years of follow-up among Americans..."

Article 2 : Improving Fruit and Vegetable Consumption among Overweight and Obese Adults
(M.Wagner)
Extract : " With over 37% and 22% of Americans consuming fruits and vegetables less than once per day, and rates of overweight and obesity rising, recommendations include to both increase consumption of fruits and vegetables and decrease consumption of high-energy, nutrient-poor foods. If maintained as part of an overall healthy lifestyle change, improvements in fruit and vegetable consumption may contribute to improved nutrient
intake, weight loss, and decreased disease risk in adults. Future studies should include post-intervention follow ups to determine the effectiveness over time of nutrition education on changes in fruit and vegetable consumption."

Article 3 : The Influence of Doctor’s Advice to Lose Weight on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
(C. Lorts)
Extract : "Of the 1,708 adults, 548 (32%) were obese. Of the 548 obese adults, 48% received doctor’s advice to lose weight and 68% stated they were attempting to lose weight. Seventy six percent of those who received advice to lose weight were attempting to lose weight compared to only 60% of those who did not receive advice.
Study participants who received doctor’s advice to lose weight ate more fruit and salad (p=0.03 and p=0.01,respectively). Participants who stated they were trying to lose weight were more likely to eat more fruit (p=0.004), more vegetables (p=0.01) and more likely to eat fruit and vegetables as snacks (p<0.001)... "

Edito
(SB. Foerster)
Extract : " These papers illustrate three barriers to Fruit and Vegetable (F&V) access that depress consumption among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) households. There are proven-effective strategies that can help close that gap [...].
Certain strategies boost SNAP F&V sales: connect with farmers and locally-grown programs, build stronger capacity in small stores, and use price-reducing incentives like rebates, discounts, specials, loyalty programs, and coupons. Fresh business approaches, plus education and marketing with other concerned stakeholders, offer extraordinary promise..."

Article 1 : Limited availability of healthy foods in small- to mid-sized SNAP-authorized food retailers
(MN. Laska)
Extract : " Better access to supermarkets and healthy foods is commonly associated with healthy diets and reduced risk of obesity. However, in the U.S., supermarkets tend to be located in higher-income and lower-minority areas. Thus individuals living in lower-income communities are more likely to buy food in convenience stores with limited supply of healthy foods, which could lead to an increase of health risks..."

Article 2 : SNAP eligibility, cooking frequency and fruit and vegetable consumption in the U.S.
(JA. Wolfson & SN. Bleich)
Extract : " In response to persistently high rates of obesity and associated diet-related diseases, particularly among low-income populations, the education component of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (called SNAP-Ed) has recently shifted its focus from reducing hunger and food insecurity toward obesity prevention and nutrition.
SNAP-Ed, SNAP’s obesity prevention and nutrition education initiative, aims to help participants make healthy food choices within their limited budget, including increasing fresh fruit and vegetable consumption..."

Article 3 : Promotion of local farmers’ market as part of a healthy, sustainable food system
(SB. Jilcott Pitts)
Extract : " Farmers’ market shopping is an opportunity to enhance access to healthy foods, especially locally produced fresh foods. Farmers’ market shopping can also be a way to boost fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption. This could positively affect overall diet quality, as greater consumption of F&V is thought to be linked to improved weight maintenance and low chronic disease risk.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of farmers’ market shopping on fruit, vegetable, and sugary beverage consumption, as well as to examine barriers to and facilitators of farmers’ market shopping among low-income consumers..."

Edito
(A. Jones-Mueller)
Extract : " America is in an exciting era of change focused on health, well-being and “doing good” – and the nation’s restaurants and chefs are playing a leading role by rising to the opportunity of creating enticing menu items with health and taste in mind [...]. Increasing produce in restaurant meals has been a longstanding goal of the Healthy Dining and Kids LiveWell programs [...].
[They] provide a proactive foundation for restaurants to demonstrate their culinary creativity and social responsibility regarding public health priorities. [...] The following research studies are excellent demonstrations of how researchers can provide convincing evidence for the restaurant industry to continue to add produce to menus – and ultimately improve the health of our nation, the world – and future generations".

Article 1 : Choose Health LA Restaurants: a voluntary restaurant recognition program
(LN. Gase, C. Montes and T. Kuo)
Extract : " Results suggest that participation in the Choose Health LA Restaurants program resulted in restaurants making changes to their primary and children’s menus. The majority of restaurants (12 brands) made at least some changes to increase the availability of reduced-size portions and/or modify the items available on their children’s menu. Results support restaurant compliance with program criteria and menu improvements, even though they are voluntary, representing an important first step toward implementing this strategy in the retail environment..."

Article 2 : Beyond chicken fingers and french fries: new evidence in favor of healthier kids’ menus
(S. Anzman-Frasca, H. Angstrom, V. Lynskey and C. Economos)
Extract : " The result [...] was a win-win for customers and the restaurant chain: orders of healthier items increased, and restaurant revenue continued to grow. After the menu changes, nearly half (46%) of children’s entrées ordered were from the healthier kids’ meal options, versus a mere 3% of entrées ordered before the changes. The proportion of kids’ meal orders that included at least one healthy side also increased dramatically—from 26% before the changes to 70% after..."

Article 3 : Working with restaurant managers and owners to improve children’s menus: A Best Food for Families, Infants, and Toddlers (Best Food FITS) intervention
(S. Hurd-Crixell, BJ. Friedman and D. Fisher)
Extract : " Meals consumed away from home may contribute to childhood obesity, as they often include sugar-sweetened beverages, and lack the lower-calorie, nutrient-rich fruit and vegetables found more frequently in home-cooked meals. While some interventions have attempted to improve restaurant menus, when we began this study in 2010, none had targeted children’s menus. The goal of our study was to seek voluntary assistance of restaurant managers and owners in San Marcos, Texas, to improve children’s menus by removing sugar-sweetened beverages, adding fruit and vegetables, and replacing at least some energy dense entrées. In particular, replacing sugar-sweetened beverages with water may be a promising strategy to reduce obesity risk..."

Edito
(J. Breda & JM. Jewell)
Extract : " The World Health Organization has long advocated for the increased consumption of fruit, vegetables, pulses and wholegrains, and recommends that they form the central basis of a healthy diet. However, we know that many people across the world do not consume the recommended 400 grams (or 5 portions) of fruit and vegetables per day – far from it in fact. This edition of the Global Fruit and Vegetable Newsletter highlights some of the important factors underlying inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, and draws attention to persistent inequalities within and between countries..."

Article 1 : Comparison of fruit and vegetable intakes between Eastern and Western European populations
(D. Stefler)
Extract : " As inadequate consumption of fruit is suggested as a modifiable risk factor for CVD, the difference in fruit intake may contribute to the gap in CVD mortality rates between Eastern and Western Europe. Dietary interventions which aim to increase fruit intake
in Eastern European countries have good potential to reduce CVD burden in the region and decrease health inequalities across Europe..."

Article 2 : Eating fruits and vegetables in U.S.and French family dinners
(T. Kremer-Sadlik and colleagues)
Extract : " The French children were exposed to a greater variety of fruit (14 types) than the U.S. children (4 types). More importantly, fruit was an integral part of the French dinner; all families served fruit as the last course of the meal (14 of 16 meals) and all children ate some. Fruit appeared in only 3 U.S. homes and only 3 children were observed to eat any.
While the French children were exposed to a greater variety of vegetables than the U.S. children (33 vs. 22 types), vegetables were present in most U.S. and all French dinners. But, did vegetables have the same value and consumption patterns in both sites?..."

Article 3 : Neighbourhood socioeconomic disadvantage and fruit and vegetable consumption: a seven countries comparison
(KE. Lamb and K. Ball)
Extract : " In developed countries, individuals of lower socioeconomic position (SEP; e.g. educational attainment, occupation, income), generally eat less fruit and vegetables than those of higher SEP. Beyond individual SEP, the local neighbourhood environment has the potential to influence the diet of residents. Residents of more disadvantaged neighbourhoods may be more likely to eat unhealthily if they cannot access stores in which healthy produce can be purchased. While there is some evidence to suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption is lower in residents of disadvantaged neighbourhoods findings have been mixed..."

Edito
(S. Panico)
Extract : " CN. Armah explains that the cruciferous vegetables like broccoli may exert their cardiovascular protection through many anti-oxidant substances which include the glucoraphanin, whose content is very high in the Benefortè type with specific effect on the reduction of LDL-cholesterol. A focus is done by CE. O’Neil on apples, which are shown to be the main indicator of fruit and vegetables consumption in the American diet and as a marker of healthy eating, are associated with low prevalence of obesity, including in children. Finally, C. Feart shows that the betacarotene-rich fruit and vegetables are reported to have their beneficial effect on cognitive impairment through lutein..."

Article 1 : Benefits from a diet rich in high glucoraphanin broccoli
(CN. Armah and colleagues)
Extract : " Studies with cell and animal models have suggested that health promoting properties of cruciferous vegetables, in particular, may be mediated in part by the biological activity of isothiocyanates, derived from the sulphur-containing glycosides known as glucosinolates that accumulate within this group of vegetables [...]. The reduction in risk of CVD and cancer, observed in epidemiological studies associated with the consumption of cruciferous vegetables, tends to be amongst those individuals who eat several portions per week, which is atypical of the general population. This implies that the level of isothiocyanates obtained from common dietary practices is insufficient to obtain health benefits..."

Article 2 : Eating apples for a better diet quality and to reduce risk of obesity among children
(CE. O’Neil)
Extract : " Apples are the second most commonly consumed fruit in the United States, with 65% consumed as fresh fruit and 35% as processed apple products. Raw apples contain practically no total fat, saturated fatty acids, or sodium; and they have no cholesterol. One medium raw apple (182 g) with its skin provides approximately 95 kcals, 19g total sugars, 4g dietary fiber (22% of the daily value [DV]) this makes apples an excellent source of fiber..."

Article 3 : Higher lutein levels and lower risk of dementia
(C. Féart and colleagues)
Extract : " In the field of prevention of age-related cognitive decline, several nutritional strategies have been explored and diets rich in plant foods, i.e. fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts and cereals, such as the Mediterranean diet, seem highly promising. However, the contribution of each class of nutrients to the protective effects of plant foods on cognition is still poorly understood. Vitamins C and E, polyphenols and carotenoids seem the most interesting nutrients although mixed results have been reported regarding the risk of all-cause dementia or Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) to date..."

Edito
(P. Scarborough)
Extract : " In this newsletter you will find summaries of three important articles that have considered health-related food taxes and subsidies written by Cliona Ni Mhurchu, Adam Briggs and Oliver Mytton. Their important work (partially summarised here) has added to the evidence surrounding food taxes and subsidies. The modelling studies described by Briggs and Ni Mhurchu are reminders that it is important to study the full effect of proposed tax and subsidy scenarios, including where possible both targeted foods and potential substitute foods, and vulnerable sub-populations. The review summarised by Mytton reminds us that whilst modelling studies can give in-depth results, it is important to gather evidence on real-life implemented tax and subsidy policies wherever possible in order to validate modelling results and provide policy makers with compelling evidence..."

Article 1 : Evaluating the health impacts of food and beverage taxes
(O. Mytton)
Extract : " Before I wrote the original article that was published in Obesity Reviews, most of my work in this area, had been ‘modelling’. Modelling uses economic data to estimate the potential impact of price changes (from taxes or subsidies) on consumption and what that in turn would mean for people’s health (see Adam Brigg’s article for an example). Whilst I think these studies are important, I began to realise that the evidence these studies generated was only ever going to be part of the evidence jigsaw that policy makers sought..."

Article 2 : Effects of health-related food taxes and subsidies on mortality from diet-related disease in New Zealand: an econometric-epidemiologic modelling study
(C. Ni Mhurchu)
Extract : " A number of countries have introduced taxes on unhealthy foods, such as soft drinks, and evaluations suggest that they are effective in reducing consumption of targeted foods. The United Kingdom Healthy Start programme offers vouchers for fruit and vegetables to pregnant women on benefits, and Australia exempts fruit and vegetables (and other staple foods) from Goods and Services Tax.
However important gaps in the existing evidence base hinder the adoption and implementation of such policies in many countries. Gaps include the effects of compensatory purchasing of nontargeted food items; impact on different socioeconomic groups; and effects on long-term health and mortality..."

Article 3 : Overall and income specific effect on prevalence of overweight and obesity of 20% sugar sweetened drink tax in UK: econometric and comparative risk assessment modelling study
(A. Briggs)
Extract : " We found that a 20% tax could reduce the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages by about 15%, with the drinking of diet soft drinks, fruit juice, milk, and tea and coffee all increasing by between 3% and 4% to compensate. Overall, this would reduce the average daily energy intake by four kilocalories, however that number differs markedly by age. Younger adults (aged 16-29) would see the greatest reduction in daily calories intake (falling by over 13kcal) whereas there would be no change for adults aged over 50 years.
Overall, we predicted that the number of obese adults in the UK would fall by around 1.3%, or 180,000. The greatest impact would be among those aged 16-29 years where obesity rates would fall by 7.6%, compared to no change for adults aged over 50 years..."

Edito
(A. Scalbert)
Extract : " All authors stress the limits of current epidemiological evidence to support a protective role of polyphenols against colorectal cancer and other diseases and the need for more prospective studies with improved methodologies for measuring exposures to over 500 polyphenols scattered in a large diversity of foods. Such studies should contribute to the development of evidence-based recommendations for the general population or for specific groups of the population at risk of developing particular diseases..."

Article 1 : Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe
(R. Zamora-Ros)
Extract : " Polyphenols are exclusively present in plant-based foods. Coffee, tea, and fruits are the most important food sources of polyphenols, although depending on the country their relative contribution can be quite different. [...] Fruits and fruit juices are the most abundant source of flavonoids (48%) and the second of total polyphenols (26%) in Mediterranean countries. Vegetables are in comparison minor contributors of polyphenol intake (<5%), because concentration of polyphenols is usually lower in vegetables than in fruits..."

Article 2 : Evidence for a protective effect of polyphenol-rich diet intake on healthy aging from the InCHIANTI study
(M. Rabassa, C. Andres-Lacueva & coll.)
Extract : " Amongst existing dietary patterns, diets high in fruits and vegetables have been shown protective effects against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and total mortality. Fruits and vegetables are rich, among other potentially beneficial compounds, in phytochemicals, such as polyphenols. Polyphenols constitute a very heterogeneous group, with over 500 different compounds. The number of experimental studies on the protective role of polyphenols in aging has grown exponentially during the last years, even though the epidemiological evidence is still limited..."

Article 3 : Polyphenols, inflammation and colorectal cancer
(E. Combet)
Extract : " Population studies have shown that habitual consumption of diets rich in plant foods (fruit, vegetables, and plant beverages such as tea or coffee) was linked to a lower risk of several chronic diseases including cancer. Plant foods contribute toward health via their amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibre, but also via a range of bioactive compounds, known as polyphenols..."

Edito
(DA. Greenaway)
Extract : " WIC foods – including fresh, frozen, canned, and dried fruit and vegetables, prepared baby fruit, vegetables, and meats, low-fat dairy, whole grain cereals and bread, light tuna, salmon, sardines, and mackerel, canned and dried beans, peanut butter, eggs, juice, and iron-fortified infant formula - are specifically selected for their nutritional value to supplement the nutrients found lacking in the diets of low-income populations.
WIC families use cash value vouchers to purchase healthy fruit and vegetable options in retail settings or at farmers’ markets and food instruments (paper or electronic tools issued by WIC clinics for WIC eligible foods) to purchase prepared baby fruit and vegetables. Researchers are keenly interested in the success of fruit and vegetable uptakes since WIC began to include these in 2009. We are pleased to share three examples of their research..."

Article 1 : What’s Changed? - Comparing Food Intake Among Infants and Toddlers Participating in a South-Central Texas WIC Program Before and After Food-Package Changes
(A. Reat)
Extract : " Poor dietary trends have been accompanied by weight gain, with nearly 10% of children under the age of two having excess weight, and 31.8% of children ages 2-19 being overweight or obese. Low-income children experience even higher rates of obesity.
With the intent of addressing feeding practices among WIC participants, in 2009 the USDA implemented an interim rule that instigated considerable changes in the WIC food packages..."

Article 2 : Lessons from WIC: Nutrition education and dedicated funds for fruit and vegetables
(G. Machell)
Extract : " The aim of this paper is to consider lessons from WIC, an established program, for the relatively new, Healthy Start.
With regard to F&V consumption, the comparison found that nutrition education and dedicated funds for F&V are areas of WIC policy which the UK could explore to strengthen Healthy Start. It is of course important to recognize that WIC and Healthy Start have unique foundations, goals, and social and political contexts that have influenced administrative structures and program delivery. However, the similar objectives to supplement the diets of low-income women, infants and children indicate that there is value in comparing both policies to explore opportunities for learning..."

Article 3 : Fruit and vegetable consumption among WIC-enrolled children:
Differences by parental nativity and length of stay in the U.S.
(MP. Chaparro)
Extract : " School meals Exposure to U.S. culture has been linked to a lower intake of fruit and vegetables (F&V). The aim of this study was to investigate the F&V consumption patterns of children of low-income immigrant parents. We focused on a sample of pre-school aged children who participate in the Special Supplemental Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) in Los Angeles County, and assessed if children’s F&V intake varied by their parents’ nativity and length of stay in the U.S..."

Edito
(M. Caroli)
Extract : " Increasing children’s fruit and vegetables intake is a significant goal of paediatricians, nutritionists, and public health experts. However this goal is not easy to reach, due to a strong obesogenic environment in which children are submerged even at home and at school.
Children are bombarded by junk food advertising, through their parents’ “life rush” driving the use of pre-packed foods even at family meals, and by often flavourless school meals prepared with technical difficulties. Despite this depressing picture, research to improve children’s F&V intake is happening in different settings especially in school cafeterias. The following three papers present explorations of different strategies to improve children’s F&V intake..."

Article 1 : How to increase vegetable intake among children?
(JP. Redden)
Extract : " Unfortunately, only 13% of the American population and less than 5% of children (9-13 years old) eat the daily recommended amount of vegetables. Deciding what to eat often involves choosing among different possibilities. In this context, vegetables are typically much less attractive than tastier food on the same shelf, plate, or menu. This relative disadvantage poses a significant barrier to vegetable consumption: think about how hard it is to make a child eat carrots instead of candies when both are readily available..."

Article 2 : Encouraging vegetable intake among children
(E. van Kleef)
Extract : " Being overweight is not only caused by not getting enough exercise on a daily basis, but also an important reason is that we have gotten used to eating bigger portion sizes of particularly energydense food. Numerous studies have shown it again and again: larger portion sizes, serving devices and packages lead people to eat more, often without them realizing it. In the last decades, the portion sizes of many, often relatively unhealthy foods increased. An example is the family bottle size Coca-Cola that was introduced in the Netherlands in 1954 which contained 0.75 litres. Now a family bottle size contains double this volume or even 2 litres. This portion size phenomenon can also be observed in slices of cheese, potato chips and chocolate bars..."

Article 3 : Effects of choice architecture and chef-enhanced meals on the selection and consumption of healthier school foods
(J. Cohen)
Extract : " School meals can make important contributions to the diets of children, and interventions that improve the selection and consumption of vegetables can have important health implications. Some research suggests that improving palatability should be prioritized to increase selection and consumption of vegetables, while other studies suggest that just modifying the food environment to “nudge” students towards the healthier vegetables (i.e. “choice architecture” techniques) may be sufficient. [...]. However, it was unclear if the effectiveness of choice architecture techniques diminishes over time or if there would be a benefit to combining both a chef-based approached to improve palatability with choice architecture..."

Edito
(C. Piernas & S. Jebb)

Article 1 : Trends in food consumption over 30 years in British Focus on Fruit and Vegetables intake
(G. Pot)

Article 2 :  Dietary energy density: Estimates, trends and dietary determinants
(LO'Connor & J. Walton)

Article 3 :  Dietary quality among adults in 187 countries between 1990 and 2010
(F. Imamura & colleagues)

Edito
Home food environment: a key to effective nutritional choices
(SC. Couch)

Article 1 : Home food environment and urban Hispanic children’s diet quality
(M. Santiago-Torres and colleagues)

Article 2 :  TIME: A key ingredient in healthier eating
(A.Drewnowski and P. Monsivais)

Article 3 : Cooking at home is associated with better diet quality
(JA. Wolfson and SN. Bleich)

Edito
Dealing with cognitive decline – a public health emergency in ageing populations
(C. Féart & C. Samieri)

Article 1 : Mediterranean diet and cognitive health
(M. Yannakoulia & N. Scarmeas)

Article 2 : Carotenoids-rich dietary patterns and cognitive function
(E. Kesse-Guyot & colleagues)

Article 3 : Education and WHO Recommendations for Fruit and Vegetable Intake Are Associated with Better Cognitive Function in a Disadvantaged Brazilian Elderly Population: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
(M. Pastor-Valero, R. Furlan-Viebig, P. Rossi Menezes, S. Almeida da Silva, H. Valladad, M. Scazufcad)

Edito
(H. de Vries)

Article 1 : Health Promotion & new technologies
(ON. Brown)

Article 2 :  Emails and web sites to communicate prevention messages in the workplace
(E. Birlouez)

Article 3 :  A web-based, health promotion program for adolescent girls and their mothers who reside in public housing: focus on F&V consumption and physical activity
(TM. Schwinn)

Edito
(D. Greenaway)

Article 1 : The 18-Month Impact of WIC Food Package Revisions on African-American and Hispanic Families
(A. Kong, M. Fitzgibbon & colleagues)

Article 2 :  Incentivizing Fruit and Vegetable Purchases among Participants in the Women, Infants, and Children Program
(T. Andreyeva)

Article 3 :  WIC: strengthening America’s families for 40 years
(LR.Chock & colleagues)

Edito
(JD. Potter & E. Kampman)

Article 1 : Extending Cancer Prevention by Improving Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
(DA. Freedman, N. Peña-Purcell, JR. Hebert)

Article 2 :  Spanish Mediterranean diet and other dietary patterns and breast cancer risk: case-control EpiGEICAM study
(A Castelló, M Pollán and collaborators)

Article 3 :  Social support, fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity in cancer survivors
(CJ. Berg)

Edito
(MJ. Amiot)
Extract : " Plant dietary products are rich in numerous vital micronutrients- vitamins and minerals and bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids and polyphenols. Their consumption,associated to a better lifestyle, contributes to the well-being and prevention of chronic diseases.
In this series, a focus is done by Prof. Shashirekha on polyphenols, which are particularly abundant in fruits and vegetables. [...] Vinha and her collaborators reported that polyphenols are submitted to moderate losses during cooking of green vegetables, whereas vitamin C is reduced by about 50% and could reach more than 70% in thin leafy vegetables. [...] Prof. Srinivasan points towards the importance to promote strategies to improve the bioavailability of micronutrients, either by eliminating some plant dietary compounds..."

Article 1 : Bioactive components in fruit and vegetables: The case of polyphenols
(MN. Shashirekha)
Extract : " For the polyphenols, despite their beneficial effects on human health, especially for their antioxidant and chemo-preventive properties, no recommended daily intake has been established. This could be mainly explained by the current lack of knowledge on their biological activities, the inconclusive data on bioavailability and pharmacokinetics and the incomplete food composition data in regard to the numerous dietary phenolic structures..."

Article 2 : The cooking effect on the phytochemical content of green vegetables traditionally consumed in the Mediterranean diet
(AF. Vinha, RC. Alves, ASG. Costa, MBPP. Oliveira)
Extract : " The Mediterranean diet was recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage, being characterized by a nutritional model that has remained constant over time and includes a large variety of vegetables. The consumption of green vegetables has, undoubtedly, a positive effect in health promotion, reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, cancer, cataract and macular degeneration, obesity and Type 2 diabetes, among others1. Inevitably, all these effects are related to the amounts of bioactive compounds of each type of vegetable, but such compounds are often heat sensitive and can be degraded during cooking processes..."

Article 3 : Derive maximum nutritional benefits from plant foods
(K. Srinivasan)
Extract : " In India the prevalence of iron and vitamin A deficiencies is widespread. Almost 79% of children between 6 and 35 months and women between 15 and 49 years are anemic and 60 % of preschool children are suffering from sub-clinical deficiencies of vitamin A. In addition to their low dietary intakes, this could be also explained by the lowest bioavailability of minerals of plant-based foods as well as the culinary practices, which can reduce the vitamin and mineral contents.
All the nutrients we consume through our diets are not fully available to the body for absorption, depending on other components present in the meal. However, there are ways to overcome this problem by judiciously selecting food combinations and processing them wisely..."

Edito
(M. Padilla)
Extract : " This scientific Newsletter explores some actions to promote «healthy eating» in the European context, especially in relation to children. Blake & Patterson show that UK paediatric nurses are aware of the role they could play in promoting a healthy diet. However, their own harmful behaviour can negatively influence their patients. Oostindjer et al. explain that, in Norway, a consensus exists on the importance of nutrition education at family level, but it is also the responsibility of the industry and public authorities to improve the offer of goods. Lloyd-Williams et al. believe that the majority of 30 European countries are engaged in activities intended to increase consumption of healthy food..."

Article 1 : Paediatric nurses and healthy eating promotion
(H. Blake & J. Patterson)
Extact : " Childhood obesity is rising at an alarming rate, and it is predicted that by 2050, 25% of children in the United Kingdom (UK) could be obese (DoH, 2011a), with lifelong consequences for health and psychosocial wellbeing. Nurses play an important role in obesity prevention and management although whether nurses should be role models for health and ‘practice what they preach’ is subject to debate. Although overweight, obesity, physical inactivity and poor dietary habits are prevalent amongst nurses, few studies have investigated the perceptions of nurses towards the promotion of healthy eating to their patients and whether they believe nurses should be role models for health..."

Article 2 : Opportunities for healthier eating in Norway
(M. Oostindjer, GV. Amdam, B. Egelandsdal)
Extract : " Government, health sector and food industry try to fight obesity with initiatives that help consumers to eat healthier, with tools such as information campaigns, nutritional labeling, making healthier food more available, improving nutritional composition of existing foods, and developing new healthy food products. However, many of these initiatives do not last or are not evaluated in the long-term. Consumers may not respond as expected: they might think a new food product has a less favourable taste when it is labelled as healthy. Other stakeholders like retailers or the food industry may not benefit from initiatives that are acceptable for consumers. It is necessary to develop initiatives that help people to eat healthier that work, but are also acceptable to most stakeholders. We investigated opportunities for such initiatives in Norway..."

Article 3 : Assessing public health nutrition policies across 30 European countries using the marketing “4Ps” approach
(F. Lloyd-Williams & colleagues)
Extract : " Countries across Europe have introduced a wide variety of policies to improve nutrition. However, the sheer diversity of interventions represents a potentially bewildering “policy cacophony”, a smorgasbord which is difficult to comprehend, categorise or evaluate. The aim of this study was to map existing public health nutrition policies, and examine their perceived effectiveness, in order to inform future evidence-based diet strategies..."

Edito
(FS. Gomes & CA. Monteiro)
Extract : " This Global F&V Newsletter features Brazil’s new dietary guideline role on promoting fruits and vegetables highlighting some key principles and perspectives adopted by the guideline to promote fruits and vegetables among other real foods. The Guideline was designed for the Brazilian population, but has achieved a global recognition as a reference of meals-based guidelines, moving recommendations from nutrients to foods and meals, and valuing the multiple dimensions of food and nutrition, beyond the biological one, encompassing the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental ones..."

Article 1 : How the new Brazilian dietary guidelines work with the promotion of fruits and vegetables
(FS. Gomes)
Extract : " In the absence of regulations to reduce the demand, offer, availability, affordability and desirability of superfluous edible products (e.g. sugary drinks, energy dense ready-to-eat products and other ultra-processed products), essential foods such as fruits and vegetables have been increasingly displaced by these products. While such products penetrate into diets and food systems, populations start to loose the notion of what is food, along with all fundamental aspects of the way we relate to food and its impacts over health, culture, natural resources and social relationships. Fruits and vegetables, besides being displaced, have their images misused in ultra-processed products to create misleading notions that they equal or replace fresh fruits and vegetables consumption..."

Article 2 :  Food labeling in Brazil
(AP. Bortoletto Martins)
Extract : " Despite the federal law, the Brazilian food labeling regulation does not offer enough protection for consumers. There are specific regulations on the general food labeling, mandatory nutritional information, nutritional claims, among others, and more recently approved the mandatory information on allergenic foods. However, according to Brazilian studies, the labeling information is still not well understood by consumers, and it is very common to find it misleading or a lack of information on food labels..."

Article 3 :  Progress and Challenges in the Regulation of Food Advertising in Brazil
(P. Henriques, PC. Dias & L. Burlandy)
Extract : " The Brazilian government has been implementing over the last two decades a set of policies, programs and actions intended to promote healthy eating and guarantee food security and nutri­tion. Some of these measures involve stimululating the production and consumption of fruits and vegetables free of pesticides and other contaminants, foods that have not been eaten in sufficient quantities by Brazilians generally. However, such initiatives ty­pically clash with commercial private sector practices that aim to increase the supply and marketing of processed foods whose consumption, in turn, has been growing..."

Edito
(T. Gibault)
Extract : “ Benefits from regular consumption of fruits and vegetables (F&V) in the prevention of many chronic diseases are now well documented. This new Global Fruit and Veg newsletter focuses on some lesser known health F&V benefits […]
First, Neville and Woodside investigated the relationship between F&V consumption and muscular power and strength in adolescents […]. Another original topic is addressed by Eslamian and colleagues at Teheran University: the impact of a F&V-rich diet on sperm quality, notably asthenospermia (reduced spermatozoid motility and vitality) […]. Finally, Steenbruggen et al. investigated the impact of nutrition on unexplained fatigue in children ". 

Article 1 : Can eating fruit and vegetables improve muscle strength and power during adolescence?
(CE. Neville & JV. Woodside)
Extract : " Adolescence is a period of rapid growth and development, characterised by major changes in body size, including increased muscle development. Increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption during childhood is widely encouraged as part of a healthy diet. Epidemiological evidence suggests that FV consumption and/or intakes of nutrients associated with a FV-rich diet may play a role in improving muscle strength and power. However, the evidence is still inconclusive and the majority of studies to date have been conducted in older adults […]. The study revealed that muscle power was significantly higher in boys and girls who consumed high intakes of FV (>237.71 g/d and >267.57 g/d respectively) versus low intakes (<135.09 g/d and <147.43 g/d, respectively), after adjusting for confounding factors including age, BMI (z score), pubertal status, energy intake, physical activity and socio-economic status. No such associations were evident between increased FV consumption and muscle strength in either boys or girls. Similar associations were observed when FV were analysed separately ".  

Article 2 :  Dietary patterns and asthenozoospermia risk
(G. Eslamiana & colleagues)
Extract : " Our results revealed that participants in the highest tertile of the prudent pattern scores had 54% lower risk of asthenozoospermia compared to those in the lowest (p for trend: 0.003); after adjustment for potential confounders. In contrast, the Western pattern was positively associated with the risk of asthenozoospermia (highest tertile; odds ratio [OR] D 2.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.83–2.97).
Our findings suggest that a diet composed mainly of plant-based foods may be associated with a reduced risk of asthenozoospermia whereas an adherence to a Western pattern is a potential indicator of increased risk. The current study indicates that efforts to improve diet quality should focus on the diet as a whole, not on single nutrients and foods ".

Article 3 :  Could a change in diet revitalize children who suffer from unresolved fatigue?
(TG. Steenbruggen & EJ. van der Gaag)
Extract : " Our study showed that nutritional advice is an elegant, and effective method for decreasing some symptoms of medically unresolved fatigue in children. The observed positive effect on fatigue can be explained by an increased intake of minerals, vitamins and fatty acids. Four further factors can explain these results, including a beneficial effect of combining nutrients, effects of anti-oxidants, better sleep behavior due to the high concentration of melatonin in milk, and an improvement of the immune function ".

Edito
S. Barnat - Aprifel Scientific Director - France 
Extract : “ As scientific coordinator of this newsletter, it gives me great pleasure to welcome you to the first issue of the Global Fruit & Veg Newsletter […].
In March 2015, IFAVA have agreed to join AIAM5 […]. To seal their union, both entities decided to take advantage of the existing Ifava scientific newsletter to launch a new one that will allow spreading the valuable message of eating vegetables and fruits more broadly by extending its distribution to the 24 countries represented in both entities.
At Egea conference 2015, held in Milan last June, Sue Lewis, Ifava co-chair, announced the creation of the Global Fruit & Veg Newsletter […]. The Egea 2015 closing statement advocates for establishing long term policy changes moving towards a positive discrimination for healthy food. This Statement shared with the audience at the conclusion session by Professors Elio Riboli and Martin Caraher has been sent to all the participants for consultation until June 27th. I invite readers to discover the updated and final version of the Egea 2015 Statement ".

EGEA 2015 Statement
Healthy Diet, Healthy Environment within a Fruitful Economy : The Role of Fruit & Vegetables -
June 3^rd - 5^th, 2015 - Milan - Italy
Extract : " Global nutrition and agricultural communities need to find innovative ways to create and support healthy eating environments and promote policies to increase fruit and vegetables (F&V) production and consumption. The aims are to improve public health, profitability of F&V growers and sustainability of the production systems. One way, among others, of achieving this is through taking biodiversity and nutrient-density of crops into account […]
To enhance F&V consumption efficiently, there is an urgent need for coherent policies that promote healthy eating in the areas outlined below:
A. Information and education […]
B. Food environment : Marketing and advertising ; Healthy foods in public institutions ; Healthier retail environment; Fiscal interventions and incentives ; Food system […] ".

EGEA 2015 Poster Awards
Extract : "4 Egea 2015 poster awards were delivered to laureates on June the 4th and the 5th :

• Fruits, vegetables and lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysi
  VIEIRA, Rita et al. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK;
• Do we produce enough fruits and vegetables to meet global health need?
  SIEGEL Karen et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA;
• Does the presence of brand equity characters on food packaging affect the taste preferences and food choices of children?
  MCGALE Lauren et al. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, UK;
• Mobile phone short messages service (SMS) related to healthy lifestyle for high school students: The CONVERGI Study
  IACOVIELLO Licia, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention. IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo – Neuromed, IT ".

Edito
(M. Caroli)

Article 1 : Food choices and sleep duration in adolescents
(A. Kruger, L. Hale)

Article 2 :  An effective school-based intervention for breakfast promotion and overweight risk reduction
(M. Vanelli)

Article 3 :  Eating with our eyes: the first foods seen are more likely to be eaten
(K. Hoy)

Edito
(E. Rock)

Article 1 : Total antioxidant capacity of blood plasma depends on fruits and vegetables intake
(J. Harasym, R. Oledzki)

Article 2 : Flavonoid-rich fruits and vegetables improve vascular function in men at risk of cardiovascular disease - FLAVURS: a randomized controlled trial
(AL. Macready, TW. George, MF. Chong, JA. Lovegrove)

Article 3 : Dietary intake of carotenoid may reduce risk of hip fracture in lean men
(ZJ. Dai)

Edito
(A. Martin)

Article 1 : Grocery Stores – Challenges and Opportunities in Promoting Healthful Foods
(L. DiSogra)

Article 2 : Campus evaluation of the food store environment Focus on quality and availability of fruit and vegetables
(TM. Horacek)

Article 3 : Campus food and beverage purchases and off-campus living
(JE. Pelletier, MN. Laska)

Edito
(P. Chandon)

Article 1 : The advertised diet: an examination of the extent and nature of food advertising on Australian television
(W. Watson, S. Pettigrew, K. Chapman, C. Hughes)

Article 2 : Unhealthy food and beverage marketing during sport
(S. Thomas)

Article 3 : What foods are U.S. supermarkets promoting? An analysis of supermarket sales circulars
(J. Martin-Biggers, V. Quick and C. Byrd-Bredbenner)

Edito
(M. Padilla)

Article 1 : Vegetable variety: An effective strategy to increase vegetable choice in children
(T. Bucher, M. Siegrist, K. van der Horst)

Article 2 : Improving school meals: Effi cient ways to increase fruit and vegetable consumption by children
(K. Hoy, B. Wansink)

Article 3 : State laws governing school meals and disparities in fruit/vegetable intake
(DR. Taber, JF. Chriqui,  FJ. Chaloupka)

Edito
(K. Allen)

Article 1 : Vegetables, fruits and cancer: where are we now?
(G. Mitrou, F. Veira-McTiernan, M. Wiseman)

Article 2 : Why are fruit and vegetable initiatives in schools effective (and why are they sometimes not)?
(C. Hawkes)

Edito
Increase availability, affordability and consumption of fruit and vegetables
(J. Breda)

Article 1 : A diet rich in fruits and vegetables reduces mortality - Study from EPIC
(M. Leenders, B. Bueno-de-Mesquita & colleagues)

Article 2 : Eating fruit and vegetables daily and living longer
(A. Bellavia)

Article 3 : Modelling the impact of specific food policy options on coronary heart disease and stroke deaths in Ireland
(Z. Kabir, C. O’Keeffe, M.O’Flaherty, J. Walton, S. Capewell, I.J Perry)

Edito
(R. Varraso & CA. Camargo Jr)

Article 1 : Do fast foods cause asthma? ISAAC Phase Three findings
(P. Ellwood & I. Asher)

Article 2 : Low vegetable intake is associated with allergic asthma and moderate-to-severe airway hyperresponsiveness
(J. Protudjer and collaborators)

Article 3 : Increasing fruit and vegetable intake reduces asthma exacerbation risk
(LG Wood)

Edito
(DA. Greenaway)

Article 1 :Changes in the WIC Food Package: WIC Mothers Want The Option of Making Their Own Baby
(L. Kim)

Article 2 : Children Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Following 2009 Changes to the WIC Food Package in New York State
(MA. Chiasson and collaborators)

Article 3 : Impact of Personal Preference and Motivation on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption of WIC Participating Mothers and Children in Atlanta
(DY. Chen, JA. Gazmararian)

Edito
(C. Soussin)

Article 1 : The importance of cooking skills for balanced food choices Results from the Swiss Food Panel
(C. Hartmann)

Article 2 : Cooking skills programs for adults – why are they needed and are they effective?
(A. Flego)

Article 3 : Cooking crisis: What crisis?
(M. Caraher)

Edito
Delivering effective nutritional messages without increasing workloads!
(T. Gibault)

Article 1 : Do physician beliefs about causes of obesity translate into actionable items on which physicians counsel their patients?
(SN. Bleich et al)

Article 2 :Strategies for Healthcare Providers to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption in Children
(SA. Kim et al)

Article 3 :General practitioners can offer effective nutrition care to patients with lifestyle-related chronic disease
(Lauren Ball & collaborators)

Edito 
(T. Gibault)

Article 1 : What are the recommendations and where is the place of fruits and vegetables in a healthy diet?
(W.Willett)

Article 2 :  New policy approaches to increase fresh fruit and vegetables consumption
 

Edito 
(M. Bonnefoy)

Article 1 : Associations between fruit and vegetable intake, leisure-time physical activity, sitting time and self-rated health among older adults: cross-sectional data from the WELL study
(M. Södergren & SA. McNaughton)

Article 2 :  Improving the immunity of older adults: Can eating fruit and vegetables help?
(CE. Neville & JV. Woodside)

Article 3 :  Spending on vegetable and fruit consumption could reduce all-cause mortality among older adults
(MS. Lee, YT. Lo & ML. Wahlqvist) 

Edito 
(M. Bruening)

Article 1 : Insufficient F&V consumption and other behavioral risk factors: How are adolescents doing in Brazil?
(V. Cordeiro Barbosa Filho, W. de Campos, R. Bozza & A. da Silva Lopes)

Article 2 :  Adolescents who spent more time in sedentary activities had a lower consumption of F&V. The HELENA study
(AM. Santaliestra-Pasías, T. Mouratidou & LA. Moreno)

Article 3 :  Trends in Scottish adolescents' fruit and vegetable consumption and school effects
(KA Levin) 

Edito 
(J. Ogden)

Article 1 : Parental influences on cardiovascular risk factors in Swedish children aged 5-14 years
(AR. Khanolkar, L. Byberg & I. Koupil)

Article 2 :  Child consumption of fruit and vegetables: the roles of child cognitions and parental feeding practices
(EL. Melbye)

Article 3 :  A consideration of food marketing to parents
(J. Manganello & KC. Smith) 

Edito 
(E. Pivonka)

Article 1 : Strategies to Increase Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
(KA. Grimm, DS. Wright, SA. Kim & J. Foltza)

Article 2 :  The Influence of State Agricultural Branding Programs on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
(E. Howlett, S.Burton, C. Newman & M. Faupel)

Article 3 :  Adults who are knowledgeable of the daily fruit and vegetable recommendation and are aware of the United States fruit and vegetable campaign eat more F&V
(TO. Erinosho, RP. Moser, AY. Oh, LC. Nebeling & AL. Yaroch) 

Edito 
(M. Caroli)

Article 1 : Playing advergames that promote fruit increases energy-dense snack intake among children
(F. Folkvord, D. Anschutz, M. Buijzen & P. Valkenburg)

Article 2 :  Promoting fruits and vegetables using a theory-based, comic book approach
(P. Branscum)

Article 3 :  Attractive Vegetable Names Improves Their Consumption in Schools
(CR. Payne) 

Edito 
(G. Hastings)

Article 1 : Fruit and vegetable consumption might influence cigarette smoking cessation
(GA. Giovino)

Article 2 :  Fruit and vegetable consumption and smoking cessation
(L. Dauchet, T. Poisson)

Article 3 :  Influence of smoking cessation duration on health-related behaviours in former Thai smokers: NHES IV study data
(T. Gibault) 

Edito : Regulations do change eating behavior
(M. Nestle)

Article 1 : Energy-dense nutrient-poor food marketing to children through product packaging: a problem for health and parenting
(K. Mehta)

Article 2 : Marketing of unhealthy food to children – position of the New Zealand Heart Foundation
(D. Gorton)

Article 3 : Junk food advertising to children: Is self-regulation working?
(T. Lobstein) 

Edito : A better diet during the pregnancy for a healthy baby
(P. Deruelle)

Article 1 : Nutrition awareness of dutch women before, during and after pregnancy
(EM. Szwajcer and GJ. Hiddink)

Article 2 : Psychological predictors of dietary intentions in pregnancy
(B. Gardner)

Article 3 : Risky behaviours in pregnant women
(JM. Lecerf) 

Edito : Childhood obesity: Preventing today’s children from becoming tomorrow’s patients
(M. Barton)

Article 1 : Dealing with the childhood obesity epidemic: a public health approach
(LA. Lytle)

Article 2 :  Management of blood pressure in children
(MM. Mitsnefes)

Article 3 : Obesity and cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents
(M. Raj)

Edito :  Fruit and Vegetables consumption – Social foodscapes makes a difference
(BE. Mikkelsen) 

Article 1 :  Adolescents who eat regular meals eat more fruit and vegetables
(TP. Pedersen, C. Meilstrup, BE. Holstein & M. Rasmussen) 

Article 2 :   Serving larger portions of fruits and vegetables together at dinner promotes intake of both foods among young children
(KC. Mathias) 

Article 3 :  Involvement in home meal preparation is associated with food preference and self-efficacy among Canadian children
(YL. Chu) 

Edito :
(L. DiSogra) 

Article 1 :  Nutrition Policies in Europe: a Structure Review of Existing Measures
(S. Capacci) 

Article 2 : Little Improvement on Food Marketing to Children
(L. Dorfman & M. Wootan) 

Article 3 :  U.S. Progress to Promote a Healthful Diet to American Children and Adolescents
(V. Kraak & M. Story) 

Edito :
(MB. Schulze) 

Article 1 :  Fruit and Vegetable Quantity and Variety Both Matter for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
(AJ. Cooper, NG. Forouhi) 

Article 2 : Pre-pregnancy Consumption of Fruits and Fruit Juices and Gestational Diabetes
(C. Zhang) 

Article 3 : Societal Correlates of Diabetes Prevalence: An Analysis Across 94 Countries
(KR. Siegel & KMV Narayan) 

Edito : USA’s WIC program improves access to healthy foods in communities across the nation
(DA. Greenaway) 

Article 1 : How do you pick your produce? Insights from WIC participants on their use of a cash value voucher to purchase fruits and vegetables
(JA. Reeder & J. Gilbert) 

Article 2 : Positive Influence of the Revised WIC Food Packages on Access to Healthy Foods
(T. Andreyeva) 

Article 3 : The Impact of WIC Food Package Changes on Access to Healthful Food in 2 Low-Income Urban Neighborhoods
(A. Hillier) 

Edito :
(G. Cannon) 

Article 1 : Brazilian food policies for fruits and vegetables: a nation-state strategy
(DS. Frozi, LBC. Alcântara, FS. Gomes & SG. Couto) 

Article 2 : Eat tasty, eat healthy, eat Peruvian… and let’s start working on that
(E. Jacoby) 

Article 3 : Fruit and Vegetable promotion in children of a Caracas Daycare by students enrolled in Community Service of the Faculty of Science of “Universidad Central de Venezuela”
(M. Chivico, J. Carrasquel, E. Delgado, C. Olaizola & MS. Tapia) 

Edito :
(E. Riboli) 

Article 1 : Food composition of the diet in relation to changes in abdominal obesity
(D. Romaguera) 

Article 2 : Fruit and vegetable consumption and weight gain in European men and women
(A-C. Vergnaud) 

Article 3 : Fruit and vegetables consumption and breast cancer risk in Italy
(G. Masala) 

Edito : Are food-based dietary approaches the future of disease prevention?
(B. Watzl) 

Article 1 : Antioxidant vitamin supplementation in Alzheimer’s disease: is it useful?
(J. Vina, A. Lloret, E. Giraldo and G. Olaso) 

Article 2 : It’s been proven! Younger skin thanks to fruits and vegetables!
(Th. Gibault) 

Article 3 : Is Antioxidant Vitamins Supplementation an Appropriate Population-wide Strategy for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease?
(JM. Núñez-Córdoba) 

Edito : The importance of increase fruit and vegetable consumption in children (and their families)
(M. Caroli) 

Article 1 : Vegetable and Fruit Breaks in Australian Primary Schools
(N. Nathan & L. Wolfenden) 

Article 2 : U.S. Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program: A Win for Children, Schools, Public Health and Agriculture
(L. DiSogra) 

Article 3 : Fruit and vegetable improvements seen in New Zealand children in the Healthy Homework Pilot Study
(C. Zinn) 

Article 4 : Health Promoting Schools in New Zealand provides Fruit and Leadership
(S. Boyd)

Edito
(E. Pivonka) 

Article 1 : Fruits, Vegetables, and Health: A Scientific Overview, 2011
(D. Hyson) 

Article 2 : Fruits, Vegetables, and Behavior Change: A Scientific Overview, 2011
(C. Thomson) 

Article 3 : The Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Challenge: How Federal Spending Falls Short of Addressing Public Health Needs
(A. Rosenfeld)

Edito
(BM. Popkin) 

Article 1 : Age Specific Dietary Trends in France: A Comparison
(C. Dubuisson) 

Article 2 : Food Portion Patterns and Trends among U.S. Children and Adolescents and the Relationship to Total Eating Occasion Size, 1977-2006
(BM. Popkin & C. Piernas) 

Article 3 : Evaluation of food consumption and dietary patterns in Spain by the Food Consumption Survey: updated information
(G. Varela-Moreiras)

Edito
(J. Blundell) 

Article 1 : Nutrition knowledge, healthy eating and dietary behavior
(M. Siegrist) 

Article 2 : Assessing behaviors associated with fruit and vegetable adequacy
(K. Staser) 

Article 3 : Losing weight without increasing cognitive dietary restraint: is it possible with an intervention promoting high intakes of fruits and vegetables?
(S. Lemieux)

Edito : Increasing consumption in schools
(L. Hoelgaard) 

Article 1 : Lesson from the lost paradise: how to best induce into temptation
(ML. Frelut) 

Article 2 : Can schools make a difference to children’s fruit and vegetable consumption?
(J. Ransley) 

Article 3 : Home gardening is associated with the dietary diversity of preschool children in the Philippines
(AB. Cabalda, P. Rayco-Solon, JAA. Solon, F. Solon)

Edito
(L. Cooke) 

Article 1 : Infants and Young Children Are Not Eating Enough Vegetables
(MK. Fox, D. Deming, R Briefel, K. Reidy & E. Condon) 

Article 2 : Long-term consequences of early fruit and vegetable feeding practices in the United Kingdom
(H. Coulthard, G. Harris & P. Emmett) 

Article 3 : Repeated taste exposure increases liking for vegetables by low-income elementary school children
(AP. Lakkakula)

Edito
(V. Coxam) 

Article 1 : Are fruits and vegetables beneficial for bone health in postmenopausal women?
(MS. Hamidi, AM. Cheung) 

Article 2 : Associations between dietary flavonoids intakes and bone health
(A. Hardcastle) 

Article 3 : The Antioxidant Lycopene and Its Role in the Prevention of Risk for Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women
(E.S. Mackinnon and L.G. Rao)

Edito : Health promotion at worksites can effectively increase intake of fruit and vegetables
(GL. Hansen) 

Article 1 : Positive changes in dietary behaviour among employees in blue-collar worksites: The Food at Work Study
(AD. Lassen) 

Article 2 : Impact of an intervention on the availability and consumption of fruits and vegetables in the workplace
(DH. Bandoni, F. Sarno, PC. Jaime) 

Article 3 : Long term sustainability of a worksite canteen intervention of serving more F&V
(AV. Thorsen)

Edito
(LA. Silber) 

Article 1 : Link between nutrition, disease and prosperity: Preventing non-communicable diseases by tackling malnutrition
(K. Kraemer & J. Badham) 

Article 2 : Food Insecurity may explain the age difference in body size in Africa
(Z. Mchiza) 

Article 3 : Eat plenty of vegetables and fruits everyday
(P. Love)

Edito : Are Canadian children eating themselves to obesity?
(K. Adamo) 

Article 1 : Rose-coloured glasses: parental perception of children’s eating habits
(K. Adamo, L. Dojeiji & S. Papadakis) 

Article 2 : Canadian pediatric hospitals part of the problem or solution?
(Z. Solh, K. Adamo & C. LeBlanc) 

Article 3 : Should promotion of healthy eating and active living be distinct for girls and boys?
(A. Simen-Kapeu and PJ. Veugelers)

Edito : Side effects of fruit and vegetable promotion
(J. Brug) 

Article 1 : The effects of a fruit and vegetable program on unhealthy snacks during mid-morning school breaks - Results of the Dutch Schoolgruiten Project
(NI. Tak, SJ. te Velde, AS. Singh & J. Brug) 

Article 2 : Free school fruit in Norway – decreased consumption of unhealthy snacks
(E. Bere) 

Article 3 : Snack healthy or unhealthy, but snack: the snack barrier to increase fruits and vegetables consumption in Latin America.
(FS. Gomes)

Edito : Fruits and vegetables: important to prevent type 2 diabetes?
(MB. Schulze) 

Article 1 : Increasing Green leafy vegetable consumption can decrease the risk of type 2 diabetes
(P. Carter, LJ. Gray, J. Troughton, K. Khunti & MJ. Davies) 

Article 2 : Fruits and vegetables and the risk of type 2 diabetes is there an association?
(NG. Forouhi)

Article 3 : Associations between dietary fiber and inflammation, hepatic function and risk of type 2 diabetes in older men: potential mechanisms for benefits of fiber on diabetes risk
(SG. Wannamethee)

Edito : Women's diet in Australia
(D. Crawford) 

Article 1 : Neighbourhood food environments and diet
(L. Thornton, D. Crawford & K. Ball) 

Article 2 : Why do some socioeconomically disadvantaged women eat better than others?
(L. Williams, K. Ball & D. Crawford)

Article 3 : What are the dietary patterns of young and mid-aged Australian women?
(GD. Mishra)

Edito : USA’s WIC Program Transforms Low-Income Families’ Nutrition
(DA. Greenaway)

Article 1 : WIC Food Packages: Time for a Change Committee to Review the WIC Food Packages
(S. Murphy)

Article 2 : Missouri State WIC Program Experiences of the New WIC Food Package Implementation - Fruits and Vegetables
(P. Fuller)

Article 3 : The impact of nutrition education and cash-value vouchers on consumption of fruits and vegetables
(SE. Whaley, LD. Ritchie, N. Crocker)

Edito : The challenge of modifying food environment…
(A. Martin) 

Article 1 : New York, old game !
(ML. Frelut) 

Article 2 : Association of Health Information Sources with Health Behaviors
(N. Redmond)

Article 3 : Individual diet modeling translates nutrient recommendations into realistic and individual-specific food choices
(M. Maillot & N. Darmon)

Edito
(P. Barberger-Gateau) 

Article 1 : The role of nutrition in mental health
(T. Low Dog)

Article 2 : Dietary pattern and depressive symptoms in middle age: the Whitehall II study
(TN. Akbaraly)

Article 3 : The role of nutrition in mental health
(FN. Jacka)

Edito
(L. Trasande) 
Fighting obesity with fruit and vegetables
(Ch. Rowley)

Article 1 : Economic implications of obesity among people with atherothrombotic disease
(Z. Ademi & CM Reid)

Article 2 : Obesity in pregnancy: outcomes and economics
(I. Rowlandsa, N. Gravesb, S. de Jerseyc, DH. McIntyred & L. Callawaye)

Article 3 : Recent economic findings on childhood obesity
(CM. Wenig, SB. Wolfenstetter & J. John)

Edito : Why do people eat enough fruits and vegetables? Motivation, abilities and environmental opportunities!
(J. Brug) 

Article 1 : How important is the neighbourhood food environment in influencing fruit and vegetable intakes?
An Australian perspective
(L. Thornton, K. Ball, A. Timperio & D. Crawford)

Article 2 : Food advertising to children who wants tougher regulation?
(A. Aikenhead)

Article 3 : Vegetable consumption: what makes the difference, education or geography?
(R. Prättälä)

Edito : The 6th Edition of the EGEA Conference was held in Brussels in May 5-7 2010
(L. Hoelgaard) 

Article 1 : Dearth in abundance – Characteristics of the current European diets - ENHR II
(I. Elmadfa, AL. Meyer)

Article 2 : Evidence-based promotion of fruit and vegetable consumption: the importance of socio-economic determinants
(J. Brug)

Article 3 : Quantifying health effects of a low consumption of fruits and vegetables
(F.J.B. van Duijnhoven, F.L. Büchner, D.L. van der A, H.B. Bueno-de-Mesquita, J. Hoekstra, M.C. Ocké, J.M.A. van Raaij, C.T.M. van Rossum & H. Verhagen)

Intro : Marketing of food to children
(C. Rowley & P. Dudley) 

Edito : Reducing marketing pressure on children
(KI. Klepp)

Article 1 : WHO set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children - strengthened efforts to prevent noncommunicable diseases
(T. Armstrong)

Article 2 : WHO European Region recert developments in nutrition, physical activity and obesity
(J. Breda)

Article 3 : Marketing of food and its impact on child and adolescent health
(H. Madi, FB. Abdelaziz)

Edito : Food and Adolescence
(N. Pearson) 

Article 1 : Dietary intake and weight control behaviors: findings from Project Eating Among Teens (EAT)
(N. Larson & D. Neumark-Sztainer)

Article 2 : Socio-economic and dietary associations of eating out of home in Vietnamese adolescents
(C. Lachat, BK. Le Nguyen, P. Kolsteren)

Article 3 : Obesogenic diet and physical activity: independent or associated behaviours in adolescents?
(R. Jago)

Edito
(I. Elmadfa) 

Article 1 : Promoting Consumption of Fruit: The Effects of Slicing Apples and Oranges in an Elementary School Cafeteria
(M. Swanson, A. Branscum)

Article 2 : Confidence to cook: considerations in promoting fruit and vegetable consumption
(E. Winkler)

Article 3 : Preferences for Steaming of Vegetables
(C. Rennie)

Edito
(BJ. Rolls) 

Article 1 : The effect of fruit in different forms on energy intake and satiety
(JE. Obbagy, BJ. Rolls)

Article 2 : Using portion size to increase fruit and vegetable intake in children
(TVE. Kral)

Article 3 : Strategies to enhance weight loss should include high vegetable consumption
(SA. Tanumihardjo)

Edito
(MK. Moos) 

Article 1 : Pregnancy intention and Health Behaviors The Central Pennsylvania Women’s Health Study Cohort
(CH. Chuang & CS. Weisman)

Article 2 : Vegetable and fruit consumption and reduced risk of preeclampsia
(AL. Brantsæter)

Article 3 : The Maternal Mediterranean Diet during Pregnancy and Risk of Spina Bifida in the Offspring
(M. Vujkovic, RP. Steegers-Theunissen)

Edito
(L. Letenneur, C. Féart & P. Barberger-Gateau) 

Article 1 : Dietary patterns in infancy and cognitive function in childhood
(CR. Gale)

Article 2 : Health Behaviours From Early to Late Midlife as Predictors of Cognitive Function - The Whitehall II Study
(S. Sabia)

Article 3 : Dietary habits and cognitive decline in a cohort of elderly French women
(MN. Vercambre & F. Clavel-Chapelon)

Edito : Adolescents in a complex world: what to eat and why?
(J. Blundell) 

Article 1 : Family circumstance and adolescent dietary behaviours
(N. Pearson)

Article 2 : Socio-Economic position, macroeconomic environment and overweight among adolescents in 35 countries
(ML. Frelut)

Article 3 : Nutrition information covered in mass media predicts fruit and vegetable consumption among adolescents
(H. Freisling)

Edito : How far do we have to go back?
(PT. James) 

Article 1 : Healthy lifestyle and preventable death: findings from the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study
(A. Tamakoshi)

Article 2 : Living longer and feeling better
(J. Harrington)

Article 3 : Healthy Eating Index and abdominal obesity
(DL Tande, R Magel, BN Strand)

Edito
(T. Wijnhoven) 

Article 1 : The gap between recommendations and real consumption in Italy
(C. Le Donne & C. Leclercq)

Article 2 : Dietary intake, physical activity and nutritional status in adults: the French nutrition and health survey (ENNS1, 2006-2007)
(K. Castetbon, M. Vernay, A. Malon, B. Salanave, V. Deschamps & S. Hercberg)

Article 3 : Food consumption in Belgium compared to the foodbased dietary guidelines
(S. Vandevijvere)

Edito
(J. Blundell) 

Article 1 : North Carolinians’ perceptions of individual and community environmental influences on fruit and vegetable intake
(B. Schoster, KR. Martin, JEA. Boyington & LF. Callahan)

Article 2 : Time pressure a barrier to healthy eating and physical activity
(D. Crawford)

Article 3 : Children’s and parent’s perceptions of the determinants of children’s fruit and vegetable intake in a low-intake population
(AG. Kritsjansdottir, I. De Bourdeaudhuij, KI. Klepp & I. Thorsdottir)

Article 1 : Allium Foods: Mystical Functional Foods for Health Promotion
(JA. Milner)

Article 2 : Garlic supplements for patients with hypertension
(K. Reinhart)

Article 3 : Allium vegetables intake and risk of acute myocardialinfarction in Italy
(C. Galeone)

Article 4 : Evidence-based review for garlic and cancer in the perspective of food labeling
(JY. Kim & O. Kwon)

Edito : The need to increase F&V availability at school
(L. Hoelgaard)

Article 1 : School meals in French secondary state schools
(C. Dubuisson)

Article 2 : School meals vs. packed lunches in UK
(G. Rees)

Article 3 : Sack lunches and nutritional needs of young children who attend child care
(SJ. Sweitzer)

Edito
(C. Rowley)

Article 1 : Factors associated with fruit and vegetable intake among adults of the city of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil
(ICR. Figueiredo, PC. Jaime, CA. Monteiro)

Article 2 : Changes in knowledge, beliefs and behaviors related to fruit and vegetable consumption among Western Australian adults, 1995 to 2004
(C. Pollard)

Article 3 : Trends in fruit and vegetable consumption among U.S. men and women, 1994-2005
(HM. Blanck)

Edito : Why do so few people eat healthy diets?
(T. Lobstein)

Article 1 : Relationships between frequency of family meals and nutritional aspects of the home food environment among adolescents
(J. Utter)

Article 2 : What maternal factors influence the diet of two year old children living in deprived areas: a cross-sectional survey
(IK. Crombie)

Article 3 : Characteristics associated with older adolescents who have a television in their bedrooms
(DJ. Barr-Anderson)

Edito
(M. Padilla)

Article 1 : Restricting snacks in US elementary schools is associated with higher frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption
(EA. Frongillo)

Article 2 : School fruit tuck shops, school food policies and children's fruit consumption: A cluster randomised trial
(L. Moore & K. Tapper)

Article 3 : The potential for school gardens to enhance health
(S. Somerset)

Edito
(B. Watzl)

Article 1 :  Cellular antioxidant activity of fruits 
(RH. Liu)

Article 2 :  Fruit and vegetable intake, C-reactive protein and the metabolic syndrome
(A. Esmaillzadeh & L. Azadbakht)  

Article 3 :  Potassium is beneficial to human health
(FJ. He & GA. MacGregor) 

Edito
(K. Allen)

Article 1 : The methodology behind the Policy and Action for Cancer Prevention Report
(R. Thompson)

Article 2 : Evidence of the effectiveness of approaches to increase vegetable and fruit consumption
(R. Thompson)

Article 3 : Cancer prevention: Policies and actions to increase vegetable and fruit consumption
(K. Beck)

Edito : Improving healthy nutrition at the workplace: Why are we so behind in France?
(B. Sahler)

Article 1 : Health promotion services for lifestyle development within a UK hospital Patients’ experiences and views
(CL. Haynes)

Article 2 : Successful strategies for sustaining increased F&V consumption in worksite canteens
(BE. Mikkelsen & AV. Thorsen)

Article 3 : Eat Better & Move More - A Community Program for Older Adults
(NS. Wellman)

Edito
(A. Martin)

Article 1 : Multiple health risk behaviours in German first year university students
(S. Keller)

Article 2 : Does the nutritional profile of food offered a canteen determine what is consumed? A case study in Belgian university canteen
(CK. Lachat & PW. Kolsteren)

Article 3 : The importance of education and cost incentives on individual food choices at the Harvard School of Public Health (HSHP) cafeteria
(KB. Michels, BR. Bloom, P. Riccardi, BA. Rosner, & WC. Willett)

Edito
(M. Bonnefoy)

Article 1 : Plasma Carotenoids and Onset of Dysglycemia: Results from the EVA study
(TN. Akbaraly, Annick Fontbonne, Alain Favier & Claudine Berr)

Article 2 : Low Total Plasma Carotenoids are Independent Predictors of Mortality Among Older Persons: the InCHIANTI Study
(F. Lauretani, S. Bandinelli & L. Ferrucci)

Article 3 : Low Plasma Carotenoids and Skeletal Muscle Strength Decline over Six Years
(L. Ferrucci, F. Lauretani & S. Bandinelli)

Edito
(S. Khokhar)

Article 1 : Individual and Neighborhood Differences in Diet Among Low-Income Foreign and U.S.-Born Women
(T. Dubowitz)

Article 2 : Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among Sub-Saharan African (SSA) migrants in Australia: Implication for public health
(AMN. Renzaho & A. Wilson)

Article 3 : Diet quality of North African migrants in France partly explains their lower prevalence of diet-related chronic conditions relative to their native French peers
(C. Méjean & B. Maire)

Edito
(H. Lagström)

Article 1 : Does a Mediterranean-type diet consumed in pregnancy reduce the risk of premature delivery?
(SF. Olsen)

Article 2 : Mediterranean diet in pregnancy in relation to asthma and atopy in childhood
(L. Chatzi)

Article 3 : Evidence of infant blood pressure programming by maternal nutrition during pregnancy: a prospective randomized controlled intervention study
(J. Aaltonen)

Edito
(BJ. Rolls)

Article 1 : Diet quality, lifestyle and low energy density
(H. Schröder)

Article 2 : Reductions in entrée energy density increase children's vegetable intake and reduce energy intake
(KE. Leahy, LL. Birch & BJ. Rolls)

Article 3 : Fruits reduces weight and energy intake of Brazilian women
(MC de Oliveira, R. Sichieri, RV. Mozzer)

Edito
(WPT. James)

Article 1 : Are positive changes in potential determinants associated with increased fruit and vegetable intakes among primary schoolchildren? Results of two intervention studies in the Netherlands: the Schoolgruiten Project and the Pro Children Study
(NI. Tak, SJ. te Velde & J. Brug)

Article 2 : The role of parental control practices in children’s BMI and diet
(J. Ogden)

Article 3 : Parents Jury
(K. Chapman, J. Hodge)

Edito
(N. Larson)

Article 1 : Fruit and vegetable intake among college students
(T. Adams & A. Bahr)

Article 2 : A diet high in F&V and low fat dairy foods to lower blood pressure in adolescents
(K. Dart and SC. Couch)

Article 3 : Selected health behaviors that influence college freshman weight change
(DG. Kasparek)

Edito
(E. Brunner)

Article 1 : Do adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds have unsupportive home food environments?
(A. MacFarlane)

Article 2 : Is price a barrier to eating more fruits and vegetables for low-income families?
(C. Knai)

Article 3 : From Research to Policy: Economic Interventions Support Increases in Fruit and Vegetable Intake
(DR. Herman)

Edito
(L. Souliac)

Article 1 : Fresh fruit and vegetable availability in neighborhood food stores and its potential influence on consumption
(JN. Bodor & D. Rose)

Article 2 : Accessibility, a determinant of fruit and vegetable intake in low income Mexican children
(AB. Pérez-Lizaur, M Kaufer-Horwitz, M. Plazas)

Article 3 : Distance to food stores & adolescent male fruit and vegetable consumption: mediation effects
(T. Baranowski)

Edito
(G. Smith)

Article 1 : Childhood constipation and fruit and vegetable intake
(M. Inan)

Article 2 : Crohn’s disease and its association with dietary vegetable and fruit consumption
(DK. Amre)

Article 3 : Consequences of childhood obesity
(D. Molnar & E. Kovacs)

Edito
(C. Rémésy)

Article 1 : Impact of dietary alkalinization on skeleton : bone sparing effects of cations and anions from fruits and vegetables
(C. Demigné)

Article 2 :  Impact of dietary alkalinisation on kidney's acid excretion
(S. Berkemeyer & T. Remer)

Article 3 :  Fruits and vegetables as a marker for dietary alkali intake
(LA. Frassetto)

Edito
(L. Cooke)

Article 1 : Why do boys eat less F&V than girls?
(E. Bere)

Article 2 :  Cognitive development and children's perceptions of fruit and vegetables
(GG. Zeinstra, MA. Koelen, FJ. Kok, C. de Graaf)

Article 3 :  Decreasing dislike for sour and bitter in children and adults
(GJ. Privitera)

Edito
(J. de Sa & L. Lock)

Article 1 : Promoting Fruit and Vegetable Consumption through Increased Availability and Accessibility at School: A Strategy to Reduce Childhood Obesity
(W. Slusser)

Article 2 :  Getting children to eat fruits and vegetables – lessons from the English School Fruit and
Vegetable Scheme
(J. Ransley)

Article 3 :  Ethnic differences in one-year follow-up effect of the Dutch Schoolgruiten Project-promoting fruit and vegetable consumption among primary schoolchildren
(NI. Tak, SJ. te Velde & J. Brug)

Edito
(M. Wiseman)

Article 1 : The methodology behind the Second Expert Report
(E. Copeland)

Article 2 :  Eat mosty foods of a plant origin
(G. Martin)

Article 3 :  Maintenance of a heathy weight to protect against cancer and other chronic diseases
(K. Matthews)

Edito
(I. Romieu)

Article 1 : Fruits, vegetables and the Mediterranean diet could reduce the risk of asthma and allergies in children
(L. Chatzi, G. Apostolaki, I. Bibakis, I. Skypala, V. Bibaki-Liakou, N. Tzanakis, M. Kogevinas, P. Cullinan)

Article 2 :  Adolescent’s respiratory health may benefit from eating fruit and foods rich in n-3 fatty acids
(JS. Burns, DW. Dockery, J. Schwartz, BA. Coull, FE. Speizer)

Article 3 :  Prudent diet may help lower risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(R. Varraso, TT. Fung, FB. Hu, W. Willett, CA. Camargo)

Edito
(M. Bonnefoy)

Article 1 : Nutritional status determinants and cognition in the elderly
(LM. Donini, C. Savina, MR. De Felice & C. Cannella)

Article 2 :  Fruit and vegetable consumption and age-related cognitive decline
(CC. Tangney)

Article 3 :  Mediterranean diet and risk of Alzheimer's disease
(N. Scarmeas)

Edito
(G. Drescher)

Article 1 : Cultural shifts in shopping habits, cooking skills and food preparation
(C. Pettinger, M. Holdsworth, M. Gerber)

Article 2 : Potential Health Effects of Pan Fried Vegetables in Virgin Olive Oil Following the Mediterranean Traditional Culinary Practice
(N. Kalogeropoulos, NK. Andrikopoulos)

Article 3 : Preserved and non-preserved vegetables: Differing associations with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
(AJ. Alberg)

Edito
(T. Armstrong)

Article 1 : Development of the Fruits & Veggies – More Matters™ brand: the next stage of increasing fruit and vegetable consumption
(E. Pivonka & K. Hoy)

Article 2 : The Norwegian MORE /MER Campaign
(G. Rebnes)

Article 3 : The new French campaign: “Half of our plate ”
(L. Damiens)

Edito
(RI. de Santiago)

Article 1 : Healthy claims for fruit and vegetables – arrival of the EU Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims
(M. Ruffell)

Article 2 : The European and French position on health claims, particularly concerning fruits and vegetables
(A. Martin)

Article 3 : Review of Evidence In Support of Health Claims
(K. Hoy)

Edito
(L. Schäfer Elinder)

Article 1 : The public policy of generic food marketing for fruits and vegetables
(P. Wilde)

Article 2 : The interplay of 5 A Day Campaigns with food-based dietary guideline promotion
(I. Keller)

Article 3 : Social Marketing Strategies to Enhance Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
(J. Scott & T. Beall)

Edito
(A. Kröke)

Article 1 : The role of fruits and vegetables in diabetes
(K. Hoy)

Article 2 : Carotenoids and the development of type 2 diabetes
(MB. Schulze)

Article 3 : BMI history and risk of type 2 diabetes
(A. Schienkiewitz)

Edito
(T. Lobstein)

Article 1 : Cross-national comparison of environmental and policy correlates of obesity in Europe
(B. Rabin, T. Boehmer & R.Brownson)

Article 2 : Fruit and vegetable consumption and body weight management
(J. Kröger)

Article 3 : Environmental factors and obesity related dietary behaviors in youth
(K. van der Horst)

Edito
(JP. Foreyt)

Article 1 : The importance of energy density in weight management
(J. Ledikwe)

Article 2 : Role for fruit content in low energy diets
(AB. Crujeiras, D. Parra, JA. Martínez)

Article 3 : Diet and physical activity
(C. Knai)

Edito
(L. Damiens)

Article 1 : How to increase school children’ intake of fruits and vegetables - experiences from two Norwegian studies
(E. Bere)

Article 2 : Impact of vouchers for fresh fruits and vegetables purchase
(DR. Herman)

Article 3 : Cost constraints on food choices
(N. Darmon)

Edito
(KD. Cashman)

Article 1 : Fruit and vegetables: potential role in building better bones
(T. Steer & G. Goldberg)

Article 2 : Polyphenols from fruit and vegetables and bone health
(MN. Horcajada)

Article 3 : Vitamins from leafy vegetables and bone health
(V. Coxam)

Edito
(J. Pomerleau)

Article 1 : Determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among six to twelve-year-old children and effective school-based interventions to increase consumption
(L. Blanchette & J. Brug)

Article 2 : 5 A Day Initiative: school-based interventions for children and adolescents
(T. Nicklas)

Article 3 : Playing to change: games, comics, fruit and vegetables
(T. Baranowski)

Edito
(MB. Schulze)

Article 1 : Potassium and its role in reducing arterial blood pressure
(P. Meneton)

Article 2 : Folates and/or antioxidants and their role in protecting against cardiovascular diseases
(JM. Lecerf)

Article 3 : Fruit & vegetable intake and blood pressure
(L. Dauchet)

Edito
(ML. Frelut)

Article 1 : Childhood obesity: evidences of an early metabolic process leading to atherosclerosis
(C. Maffeis)

Article 2 : Health impact of fruit and vegetable consumption in children
(MI. Mesana, J. Fernández, LA. Moreno)

Article 3 : Early infancy as a key stage for obesity prevention
(MM. Hetherington)

Edito
(A. Trichopoulou)

Article 1 : Dietary patterns and their social-demographic determinants in ten European countries
(A. Naska)

Article 2 : Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular health
(D. Giugliano & K. Esposito)

Article 3 : Intake of fruit & vegetable in a sample of 11-year ols children in nine European countries
(A. Yngve)

Edito
(J. Wardle)

Article 1 : Prenatal and postnatal influences on fruit and vegetable acceptance throughout childhood
(CA. Forestell)

Article 2 : Vegetables: choices at the age of 2-3 years and link with preferences until adulthood
(S. Nicklaus)

Article 3 : Healthy eating in childhood: the importance of exposure
(L. Cooke)

Edito
(R. Lemaire)

Article 1 : Global dynamics of the nutrition transition
(BM. Popkin)

Article 2 :  The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and nutrition (EPIC)
(T. Norat)

Article 3 : Can we change the way we eat ? What are the barriers ?
(J. Blundell)