Pesticide residues in medicinal plants and phytomedicines

Pesticides, which are mainly applied on crops for the protection of plants against a range of pests, have been found in crude medicinal plants as well as in infusions, decoctions, tinctures and essential oils. This fact has caused concern in various segments of society and scientific investigation has been demanded to assess the health hazards more accurately. The present review covers more than 30 years (1963-1998) of published methods of analysing pesticide residues in medicinal plants, with special emphasis on the relevance of these matrices, the legislation, the risks: involved in using material containing uncontrolled amounts of residues and the possible effects of technological factors on the proportion of pesticide transferred from the raw material to the end product.