Apple (Golden)
Energy value
54,90
kcal
per 100g
85,50
g
Water
2,50
g
Fibers
11,70
g
Carbohydrates
14,27
mg
Phenolic Acids
16,83
mg
Flavonoids
Raw product
Description
- The apple is the fruit of the apple tree, which belongs to the Rosaceae family, genus Malus, species domestica Borkh (Nieuwenhuizen, 2013).
- There are over 7,000 varieties of apples (Kebe, 2014) including the Golden Delicious apple.
- The Golden Delicious apple is the ancestor of a significant number of modern apple varieties, such as Arlet, Chanteclerc, Goldsmith or Pink Lady (Evans, 2011).
PHYSICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS
- Golden Delicious apples are yellow because they contain few anthocyanins (maximum 20 mg/100 g of cyanidin 3-galactoside and less than 1 mg/100 g of cyanidin 3-arabinoside). In fact, anthocyanins, especially cyanidin 3-galactoside, which accounts for more than 80% of total anthocyanins, are the main pigments that give red colour to apples (Liu, 2013).
- The Golden Delicious apple belongs to the category of soft and not very crunchy fruits, rated as not very robust and citrusy in terms of aroma (Mehinagic, 2012).
- The aroma of the apple is a key factor in the quality of the fruit. Apples produce more than 300 volatile organic compounds responsible for these aromas (Nieuwenhuizen, 2013).
- Ripe fruit contains mainly alkyl esters, which account for 80-98% of total volatile compounds and are characteristic of the ‘fruity’ note (Villatoro, 2008), and alcohols, which account for 6 to 16% of total volatile compounds.
- Other volatile compounds, less represented, are aldehydes (main compounds of the unripe fruit), ketones, sesquiterpenes, terpenes and carboxylic acids (Ting, 2012; Espino-Díaz, 2016).
- The skin of the apple is the major source of alkyl esters, although the flesh also contains them (Ting, 2012).
- Golden Delicious apple contains alkyl esters characteristic of a fruity and sweet taste, such as pentyl acetate, hexyl acetate, ethyl butanoate or ethyl-2-methyl butanoate (Dixon, 2000), aldehydes, alcohols and terpenes (linolol) (Dixon, 2000; Thedy, 2005; Ting, 2012).
- Regarding the organic acids responsible for the acidity of apple, Golden Delicious apple contains about 3.8 g/kg of malic acid and about 0.3 g/kg of citric acid (Bureau, 2012).
- Among six cultivars tested (Golden, Granny Smith, Golden Delicious, Jonagold, Fuji, Morgen Dallago and Red Delicious), Golden apple contains the most monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and carbonyl components (volatile compounds) (Ting, 2012).
COMPOSITION CHARACTERISTICS (excluding macronutrients, vitamins and minerals)
- Apples contain a significant amount of polyphenols from the flavonoid and phenolic acid family.
- Total polyphenol content correlates with the antioxidant capacity of the fruit, but varies from variety to variety (Guo, 2016).
- It should be noted that polyphenol levels decrease with apple maturity, but the effect of ripening is minimal compared to the effect of variety (Guyot, 2003).
RAW
The following values are approximate and depend on variety, season, ripeness, cultivation conditions, etc.
Golden Delicious apples (without skin) provide an average of 54.90 calories (kcal) per 100 g, i.e. 232 kJ.
COMPOSITION TABLES
For each nutrient, the tables provide information on the content, minimum and maximum values, as well as the percentage of the Dietary Reference Values (DRVs) for 100 g net of Golden Delicious apple (without skin).
MACRONUTRIENTS
| Constituent (g) | Average content |
Min-Max per 100g |
DRV% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 85,50 | - | - |
| Fibers | 2,50 | - | - |
| Carbohydrates | 11,70 | 0 - NC | 4,50 |
| Sugars | 11,30 | - | 12,56 |
| Lipids | < 0,50 | - | - |
| Saturated fat | < 0,01 | - | - |
| Protein | < 0,50 | - | - |
| Constituent (g) | Amount | Min-Max | DRV% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | - |
| Fibers | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | - |
| Carbohydrates | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Sugars | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Lipids | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Saturated fat | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Protein | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
Zoom on carbohydrates
- Its carbohydrate content is significant (11.70 g per 100 g). It is slightly higher than the average amount found in fresh fruit (11.31 g per 100 g).
- These are mainly fructose (6.90 g per 100 g), sucrose (2.80 g per 100 g) and glucose (1.60 g per 100 g).
Zoom on fibres
- Golden Delicious apples (without skin) contain a significant amount of fibre (2.50 g per 100 g). This is lower than the average amount found in fresh fruit (2.77 g per 100 g).
Zoom on lipids
- Golden Delicious apples are fat-free* as they contain less than 0.5 g of fat per 100 g.
* Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods.
MINERALS AND TRACE ELEMENTS
| Constituent | Average content |
Min-Max per 100g |
DRV% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium (mg) | 2,80 | - | 0,35 |
| Chloride (mg) | < 20 | - | - |
| Copper (mg) | 0,03 | - | 3 |
| Iron (mg) | 0,06 | - | 0,43 |
| Iodine (µg) | < 20 | - | - |
| Magnesium (mg) | 3,50 | - | 0,93 |
| Manganese (mg) | 0,03 | - | 1,50 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 8,80 | - | 1,26 |
| Potassium (mg) | 110 | - | 5,50 |
| Selenium (µg) | < 20 | - | - |
| Sodium (mg) | < 5 | - | - |
| Zinc (mg) | < 0,05 | - | - |
| Constituent | Amount | Min-Max | DRV% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Chloride (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Copper (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Iron (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Iodine (µg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Magnesium (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Manganese (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Potassium (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Selenium (µg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Sodium (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | - |
| Zinc (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
Zoom on minerals and trace elements
- Golden Delicious apples provide the equivalent of 5.50% of DRVs for potassium, i.e. 110 mg per 100 g.
- The amount of other minerals and trace elements in Golden Delicious apples (without skin) is less than 4% of DRVs.
VITAMINS
| Constituent | Average content |
Min-Max per 100g |
DRV% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Provitamin A Beta-carotene (µg) | 59,80 | - | - |
| Vitamin A equivalent (µg) | 9,96 | - | 1,25 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | < 0,015 | - | - |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | < 0,01 | - | - |
| Vitamin B3 (mg) | < 0,10 | - | - |
| Vitamin B5 (mg) | 0,078 | - | 1,30 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 0,052 | - | 3,71 |
| Vitamin B9 (µg) | 8,93 | - | 4,47 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 1,29 | - | 1,61 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | < 0,08 | - | - |
| Vitamin K1 (µg) | < 0,80 | - | - |
| Constituent | Amount | Min-Max | DRV% |
|---|---|---|---|
| Provitamin A Beta-carotene (µg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | - |
| Vitamin A equivalent (µg) | Calcul à partir de la valeur Provitamine A Béta-carotène* | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Vitamin B3 (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Vitamin B5 (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Vitamin B9 (µg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
| Vitamin K1 (µg) | Ciqual 2020 (valeur issue des analyses Ciqual-Aprifel 2017) | - | Règlement (UE) N°1169/2011 du parlement Européen, et du conseil du 25 octobre 2011 |
Zoom on vitamins
- The amount of vitamins present in Golden Delicious apples (without skin) represents less than 5% of DRVs.
*Calculation made: Beta Carotene / 6 + retinol
POLYPHENOLS
| Constituent (mg) | Average content |
Min-Max per 100mg |
|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids (mg) | 16,83 | - |
| of which Flavonols (mg) | 0,53 | - |
| of which Flavanols (mg) | 15,13 | - |
| of which Dihydrochalcones (mg) | 1,17 | - |
| Phenolic Acids (mg) | 14,27 | - |
| of which Hydroxycinnamic acids (mg) | 14,27 | - |
| Total polyphenols | 31,10 | - |
| Constituent (mg) | Amount | Min-Max |
|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | Etude CTIFL-Aprifel 2017-2018 CTIFL Méthode utilisée : chromatographie | - |
| of which Flavonols | Etude CTIFL-Aprifel 2017-2018 CTIFL Méthode utilisée : chromatographie | - |
| of which Flavanols | Etude CTIFL-Aprifel 2017-2018 CTIFL Méthode utilisée : chromatographie | - |
| of which Dihydrochalcones | Etude CTIFL-Aprifel 2017-2018 CTIFL Méthode utilisée : chromatographie | - |
| Phenolic Acids | Etude CTIFL-Aprifel 2017-2018 CTIFL Méthode utilisée : chromatographie | - |
| of which Hydroxycinnamic acids | Etude CTIFL-Aprifel 2017-2018 CTIFL Méthode utilisée : chromatographie | - |
| Total polyphenols | Etude CTIFL-Aprifel 2017-2018 CTIFL Méthode utilisée : chromatographie | - |
Zoom on polyphenols
- Polyphenols are substances with an antioxidant effect.
- Flavanols, a subgroup of flavonoids, are the polyphenols most present in Golden Delicious apples, representing 48.60% of the total polyphenols identified.
- Next come hydroxycinnamic acids, a subgroup of phenolic acids, which account for 45.90% of total polyphenols.
- Dihydrochalcones and flavonols (subgroups of flavonoids) are present in smaller quantities. They represent respectively 3.80% and 1.70% of total polyphenols.
Nutrition and health claims
According to the definitions of nutrition claims as presented in Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 on nutrition and health claims, and in view of the composition of the Golden Delicious apple, the following claims may be used:
Nutrition claims of Golden Delicious apples
- Fat-free (100 g of Golden Delicious apple contain less than 0.5 g of fat)
References
- Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail. Table de composition nutritionnelle des aliments Ciqual 2020. Consultée le 08/09/2020 depuis le site internet Ciqual https://ciqual.anses.fr/
- Bureau S, Ścibisz I, Le Bourvellec C, Renard CMGC. Effect of Sample Preparation on the Measurement of Sugars, Organic Acids, and Polyphenols in Apple Fruit by Mid-infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2012;60 (14): 3551‑63.
- Dixon J, Hewett EW. Hewett. Factors affecting apple aroma/flavour volatile concentration: A Review. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science. 2000;28 (3): 155‑73.
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- Liu Y, Che F, Wang L, Meng R, Zhang X, Zhao Z. Fruit Coloration and Anthocyanin Biosynthesis after Bag Removal in Non-Red and Red Apples (Malus × Domestica Borkh.). Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2013;18 (2): 1549‑63.
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- Nieuwenhuizen NJ, Green SA, Chen X, Bailleul EJ, Matich AJ, Wang MY, Atkinson RG. Functional Genomics Reveals That a Compact Terpene Synthase Gene Family Can Account for Terpene Volatile Production in Apple1[W]. Plant Physiology. 2013;161 (2): 787‑804.
- Règlement (CE) N° 1924/2006 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 20 décembre 2006 concernant les allégations nutritionnelles et de santé portant sur les denrées alimentaires.
- Règlement (UE) N°432/2012 de la Commission du 16 mai 2012 établissant une liste des allégations de santé autorisées portant sur les denrées alimentaires, autres que celles faisant référence à la réduction du risque de maladie ainsi qu’au développement et à la santé infantiles.
- Règlement (UE) n°1169/2011 du Parlement européen et du Conseil du 25 octobre 2011 concernant l’information des consommateurs sur les denrées alimentaires, modifiant les règlements (CE) n°1924/2006 et (CE) n°1925/2006 du Parlement européen et de Conseil et abrogeant la directive 87/250/CEE de la Commission, la directive 90/496/CEE du Conseil, la directive 1999/10/CE de la Commission, la directive 200/13/CE du Parlement européen et du Conseil, les directives 2002/67/CE et 2008/5/CE de la Commission et le règlement (CE) n°608/2004 de la Commission.
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